Card 0 of 12274
Generalization refers to the tendency for stimuli similar to the __________ to elicit the conditioned response.
Generalization refers to the tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to induce the conditioned response. For example, a dog’s owner rings a bell when he feeds his dog. Over successive occurrences, a dog might begin to salivate to bells of a slightly different timbre.
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A researcher notices that each time she makes a loud noise her research subject jumps. The researcher then shines a bright light before making a loud noise. After a few pairings she notices that her research subject jumps when only the light is flashed. In this case the light is considered to be which of the following?
The light is considered the conditioned stimulus because it results in the conditioned response only after it is paired with the unconditioned stimulus (i.e. the loud noise). Prior to learning, the conditioned stimulus does not elicit the learning response. On the other hand, the unconditioned stimulus always causes the response, even without learning. The unconditioned and conditioned responses are the subject's jumping behaviors.
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In classical conditioning, the order that the unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus are presented impacts learning. What form of conditioning results in the fastest and most resistant form of learning?
Forward conditioning is an effective form of classical conditioning. Forward conditioning includes both trace and delay conditioning. In trace conditioning, the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented first, is then stopped/removed, and then the unconditioned stimulus (US) is presented. While this can be effective, it is not the most effective of the choices. The most effective form of forward conditioning is delay conditioning, where the CS is presented and then overlaps with the US. In backward conditioning the US is presented before the CS, and does not result in any learning. Simultaneous conditioning occurs when both the US and CS are presented at the same time.
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In Pavlov’s experiments, the dog’s salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was considered to be which of following?
The dog was conditioned to expect food after hearing the bell or sound, which caused him to salivate before eating. After many repetitions, even before the food arrived, the dog expected to be fed soon after hearing the bell; therefore, the salivation was conditioned to happen after hearing the sound.
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Your dog loves to go on walks around the neighborhood. You begin an experiment by clapping your hand 3 times before getting the least to walk your dog. Soon every time you clap your hands the dog comes running. This is an example of what concept?
The correct answer is classical conditioning. In classical conditioning you can train an animal to have a response to an unrelated stimuli. Originally clapping was not associated with going for a walk. Because you associated them together the dog is now conditioned to think clapping means he is going for a walk. On the other hand the rest of the choices are incorrect. Operant conditioning is training a certain desired behavior by reinforcement. Negative reinforcement is an example of operant conditioning. This is when you take something good away to create a desired behavior. Such as taking away a child's cell phone until they clean their room. Positive reinforcement is another example of operant conditioning. This is when you give something good to create a desired behavior. An example of this is giving a child a cookie because they cleaned their room. Last, positive punishment is when you add something bad to decrease a behavior. An example of this is if you spank a child for misbehaving.
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How long is information stored in our short-term memory?
Information only remains in our short-term memory for about 30 seconds. At the end of this time, this information is either forgotten or transferred to long-term memory.
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One example of a hormone which operates on a positive feedback loop is _____________.
Oxytocin works on a positive feedback loop because the actions which oxytocin causes also cause more oxytocin to be produced. This can be seen, among other examples, in the contractions of labor.
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What are chromsones made of?
Chromosomes are complex structures that contain a molecule of DNA and a protein. DNA strands contain genetic information.
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Which one of these concepts is not a part of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
Motivation is not included among the list of human needs according to Maslow. Maslow identified five levels in his hierarchy: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization.
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How long do short-term memories last?
Short-term memories are stored differently than long-term memories. Short-term memories generally include quick observations, and are only stored for 10-30 seconds. Short-term memories must be processed and stored as long-term memory in order to be accessible for any longer period of time.
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According to Drive Reduction Theory, humans' bodies seek __________.
The correct answer here is homeostasis, a internally balanced state in which our needs, and the drives created by those needs, are satisfied. When one is experiencing needs and drives, one is out of homeostasis.
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The Cannon-Bard Theory posits that __________.
Cannon-Bard theory states that we feel emotions and experience physiological reactions such as sweating, trembling, and muscle tension simultaneously.
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Which of the following follows a circadian rhythm?
A circadian rhythm is any process that abides by a 24-hour rhythm. It is best known for helping to tell our bodies when they need sleep. Having a disrupted circadian rhythm is related to negative health outcomes, including various neurological and cardiological problems.
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Areas of the cerebral cortex which are associated neither with primary motor movements nor with sensory input or processing are referred to as _____________.
Association areas, such as Broca's area, are involved in "higher" brain processes such as pattern recognition, speaking, thinking and memory.
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When are hypnagogic sensations most likely to be experienced?
Sleep occurs in 4 stages, NREM-1, NREM-2, NREM-3, and REM.
It's during the first stage of sleep (NREM-1) that you may experience images that resemble hallucinations. These experiences occur without a sensory stimulation and can sometimes be later incorporated into one's memories.
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Which of the following is the "deepest" stage of sleep and is most commonly associated with dreams?
REM (rapid eye-movement) sleep is the fifth and final stage of sleep during which the body is in it's deepest sleep. Dreaming is most frequent, most vivid, and most memorable during REM sleep; however, other dreaming can occur during the other sleep stages.
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The __________ is/are a ring-shaped association of different brain structures in the forebrain, commonly associated with emotions and memories.
The limbic system is composed of the septum, cingulate gyrus, hypothalamus, and amygdala, plus other more minor formations. This system is particularly associated with the formation of memory.
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B.F. Skinner studied operant conditioning through the use of an operant conditioning box, which is also known as what?
When Skinner developed the operant conditioning box, it famously became known as the Skinner box. When a stimulus was presented, the box was designed such that a reward (or punishment) could be delivered depending on the subject's reaction to the stimulus. For example, when a light was shown, a mouse could push a lever and receive food.
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Which of the following best describes how neurotransmitters in the synapse can be deactivated?
Reuptake is reabsorption of neurotransmitter into the neuron. Chemically breaking down neurotransmitters makes them nonfunctional.
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Where are neurotransmitters stored in the axon terminal?
Synaptic vesicles are at the end of the presynaptic neuron, and they release neurotransmitter into the synapse. Dendrites are outer branched extensions of a neuron. Synapses are the structures that permit neuron transfer.
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