Cognitive Development Across the Lifespan - AP Psychology
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What is the primary developmental task in Erikson's stage of 'Trust vs. Mistrust'?
What is the primary developmental task in Erikson's stage of 'Trust vs. Mistrust'?
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Developing trust in caregivers. Fundamental task in first year involving caregiver reliability and security.
Developing trust in caregivers. Fundamental task in first year involving caregiver reliability and security.
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What is Piaget's first stage of cognitive development?
What is Piaget's first stage of cognitive development?
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Sensorimotor stage. First stage (0-2 years) where infants learn through sensory experiences and motor actions.
Sensorimotor stage. First stage (0-2 years) where infants learn through sensory experiences and motor actions.
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At what age does Piaget's preoperational stage begin?
At what age does Piaget's preoperational stage begin?
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Around age 2. Begins when sensorimotor stage ends and symbolic thinking emerges.
Around age 2. Begins when sensorimotor stage ends and symbolic thinking emerges.
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Identify the hallmark cognitive ability developed in the concrete operational stage.
Identify the hallmark cognitive ability developed in the concrete operational stage.
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Conservation. Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance.
Conservation. Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance.
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What is the term for a child's understanding of the principles of conservation?
What is the term for a child's understanding of the principles of conservation?
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Conservation. Understanding that physical properties remain constant despite superficial changes.
Conservation. Understanding that physical properties remain constant despite superficial changes.
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Which stage of Erikson's psychosocial development involves the challenge of 'Intimacy vs. Isolation'?
Which stage of Erikson's psychosocial development involves the challenge of 'Intimacy vs. Isolation'?
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Young adulthood. Erikson's sixth stage focusing on forming intimate relationships versus isolation.
Young adulthood. Erikson's sixth stage focusing on forming intimate relationships versus isolation.
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What is the primary developmental challenge in Erikson's 'Identity vs. Role Confusion' stage?
What is the primary developmental challenge in Erikson's 'Identity vs. Role Confusion' stage?
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Developing a personal identity. Adolescent crisis involving forming stable sense of self versus confusion.
Developing a personal identity. Adolescent crisis involving forming stable sense of self versus confusion.
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Identify the Piagetian stage where children understand the concept of reversibility.
Identify the Piagetian stage where children understand the concept of reversibility.
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Concrete operational stage. Stage where logical operations and understanding of reversible processes develop.
Concrete operational stage. Stage where logical operations and understanding of reversible processes develop.
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What is the primary focus of Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?
What is the primary focus of Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?
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Social interaction. Emphasizes cultural tools and collaborative learning over individual discovery.
Social interaction. Emphasizes cultural tools and collaborative learning over individual discovery.
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What is the process called when children adjust their schemes to take new information into account?
What is the process called when children adjust their schemes to take new information into account?
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Accommodation. Modifying existing schemas when new information doesn't fit current understanding.
Accommodation. Modifying existing schemas when new information doesn't fit current understanding.
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What is the primary developmental task in Erikson's stage of 'Trust vs. Mistrust'?
What is the primary developmental task in Erikson's stage of 'Trust vs. Mistrust'?
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Developing trust in caregivers. Fundamental task in first year involving caregiver reliability and security.
Developing trust in caregivers. Fundamental task in first year involving caregiver reliability and security.
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Define 'scaffolding' in the context of cognitive development.
Define 'scaffolding' in the context of cognitive development.
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Support provided to promote learning and development. Temporary assistance that helps learners achieve tasks within their ZPD.
Support provided to promote learning and development. Temporary assistance that helps learners achieve tasks within their ZPD.
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Which Piagetian stage is marked by the child's ability to consider multiple aspects of a situation?
Which Piagetian stage is marked by the child's ability to consider multiple aspects of a situation?
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Concrete operational stage. Cognitive advancement enabling consideration of different perspectives and variables.
Concrete operational stage. Cognitive advancement enabling consideration of different perspectives and variables.
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Define 'decentring' in the context of Piaget's stages of development.
Define 'decentring' in the context of Piaget's stages of development.
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Ability to consider multiple aspects of a situation. Cognitive shift allowing focus on multiple dimensions rather than single features.
Ability to consider multiple aspects of a situation. Cognitive shift allowing focus on multiple dimensions rather than single features.
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Which type of reasoning involves making predictions based on hypothetical situations?
Which type of reasoning involves making predictions based on hypothetical situations?
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Hypothetical-deductive reasoning. Systematic approach to testing possibilities characteristic of formal operations.
Hypothetical-deductive reasoning. Systematic approach to testing possibilities characteristic of formal operations.
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During which Piagetian stage do children begin to think abstractly?
During which Piagetian stage do children begin to think abstractly?
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Formal operational stage. Final Piagetian stage (age 11+) enabling hypothetical and abstract reasoning.
Formal operational stage. Final Piagetian stage (age 11+) enabling hypothetical and abstract reasoning.
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What is the term for the ability to understand that objects exist even when not seen?
What is the term for the ability to understand that objects exist even when not seen?
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Object permanence. Major achievement of sensorimotor stage, typically develops around 8-12 months.
Object permanence. Major achievement of sensorimotor stage, typically develops around 8-12 months.
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Define Vygotsky's concept of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD).
Define Vygotsky's concept of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD).
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Difference between what a learner can do without help and with help. Gap between current ability and potential with guidance from skilled others.
Difference between what a learner can do without help and with help. Gap between current ability and potential with guidance from skilled others.
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What is the primary focus of Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?
What is the primary focus of Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?
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Social interaction. Emphasizes cultural tools and collaborative learning over individual discovery.
Social interaction. Emphasizes cultural tools and collaborative learning over individual discovery.
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At what age range does Piaget's concrete operational stage occur?
At what age range does Piaget's concrete operational stage occur?
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7 to 11 years. Third stage where logical thinking about concrete objects and events emerges.
7 to 11 years. Third stage where logical thinking about concrete objects and events emerges.
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What cognitive ability is characterized by the use of symbols in the preoperational stage?
What cognitive ability is characterized by the use of symbols in the preoperational stage?
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Symbolic thinking. Ability to use words, images, and symbols to represent objects and ideas.
Symbolic thinking. Ability to use words, images, and symbols to represent objects and ideas.
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What concept refers to a child's difficulty in seeing the world from another's perspective?
What concept refers to a child's difficulty in seeing the world from another's perspective?
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Egocentrism. Characteristic limitation of preoperational thinking, gradually diminishes with age.
Egocentrism. Characteristic limitation of preoperational thinking, gradually diminishes with age.
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What is the process called when children adjust their schemes to take new information into account?
What is the process called when children adjust their schemes to take new information into account?
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Accommodation. Modifying existing schemas when new information doesn't fit current understanding.
Accommodation. Modifying existing schemas when new information doesn't fit current understanding.
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Define 'scaffolding' in the context of cognitive development.
Define 'scaffolding' in the context of cognitive development.
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Support provided to promote learning and development. Temporary assistance that helps learners achieve tasks within their ZPD.
Support provided to promote learning and development. Temporary assistance that helps learners achieve tasks within their ZPD.
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Which type of play involves children engaging in similar activities but without direct interaction?
Which type of play involves children engaging in similar activities but without direct interaction?
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Parallel play. Common in early childhood, shows developing social awareness without cooperation.
Parallel play. Common in early childhood, shows developing social awareness without cooperation.
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What is the term for the mental frameworks that organize and interpret information?
What is the term for the mental frameworks that organize and interpret information?
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Schemas. Basic cognitive structures that help organize and understand new information.
Schemas. Basic cognitive structures that help organize and understand new information.
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Which psychologist proposed the eight stages of psychosocial development?
Which psychologist proposed the eight stages of psychosocial development?
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Erik Erikson. Theorist who emphasized psychosocial crises across the entire lifespan.
Erik Erikson. Theorist who emphasized psychosocial crises across the entire lifespan.
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What is the primary challenge in Erikson's stage of 'Integrity vs. Despair'?
What is the primary challenge in Erikson's stage of 'Integrity vs. Despair'?
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Reflecting on one's life and feeling a sense of fulfillment or regret. Final psychosocial stage in late adulthood, evaluating life's meaning and accomplishments.
Reflecting on one's life and feeling a sense of fulfillment or regret. Final psychosocial stage in late adulthood, evaluating life's meaning and accomplishments.
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What is a critical cognitive skill developed during the sensorimotor stage?
What is a critical cognitive skill developed during the sensorimotor stage?
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Object permanence. Key milestone showing cognitive advancement beyond simple sensory-motor responses.
Object permanence. Key milestone showing cognitive advancement beyond simple sensory-motor responses.
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Identify the Piagetian concept where children are unable to differentiate between their perspective and others'.
Identify the Piagetian concept where children are unable to differentiate between their perspective and others'.
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Egocentrism. Central limitation preventing perspective-taking in early childhood development.
Egocentrism. Central limitation preventing perspective-taking in early childhood development.
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