All flashcards
Flashcard 1: What is the primary developmental task in Erikson's stage of 'Trust vs. Mistrust'?
Answer: Developing trust in caregivers. Fundamental task in first year involving caregiver reliability and security.
Flashcard 2: What is Piaget's first stage of cognitive development?
Answer: Sensorimotor stage. First stage (0-2 years) where infants learn through sensory experiences and motor actions.
Flashcard 3: At what age does Piaget's preoperational stage begin?
Answer: Around age 2. Begins when sensorimotor stage ends and symbolic thinking emerges.
Flashcard 4: Identify the hallmark cognitive ability developed in the concrete operational stage.
Answer: Conservation. Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance.
Flashcard 5: What is the term for a child's understanding of the principles of conservation?
Answer: Conservation. Understanding that physical properties remain constant despite superficial changes.
Flashcard 6: Which stage of Erikson's psychosocial development involves the challenge of 'Intimacy vs. Isolation'?
Answer: Young adulthood. Erikson's sixth stage focusing on forming intimate relationships versus isolation.
Flashcard 7: What is the primary developmental challenge in Erikson's 'Identity vs. Role Confusion' stage?
Answer: Developing a personal identity. Adolescent crisis involving forming stable sense of self versus confusion.
Flashcard 8: Identify the Piagetian stage where children understand the concept of reversibility.
Answer: Concrete operational stage. Stage where logical operations and understanding of reversible processes develop.
Flashcard 9: What is the primary focus of Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?
Answer: Social interaction. Emphasizes cultural tools and collaborative learning over individual discovery.
Flashcard 10: What is the process called when children adjust their schemes to take new information into account?
Answer: Accommodation. Modifying existing schemas when new information doesn't fit current understanding.
Flashcard 11: What is the primary developmental task in Erikson's stage of 'Trust vs. Mistrust'?
Answer: Developing trust in caregivers. Fundamental task in first year involving caregiver reliability and security.
Flashcard 12: Define 'scaffolding' in the context of cognitive development.
Answer: Support provided to promote learning and development. Temporary assistance that helps learners achieve tasks within their ZPD.
Flashcard 13: Which Piagetian stage is marked by the child's ability to consider multiple aspects of a situation?
Answer: Concrete operational stage. Cognitive advancement enabling consideration of different perspectives and variables.
Flashcard 14: Define 'decentring' in the context of Piaget's stages of development.
Answer: Ability to consider multiple aspects of a situation. Cognitive shift allowing focus on multiple dimensions rather than single features.
Flashcard 15: Which type of reasoning involves making predictions based on hypothetical situations?
Answer: Hypothetical-deductive reasoning. Systematic approach to testing possibilities characteristic of formal operations.
Flashcard 16: During which Piagetian stage do children begin to think abstractly?
Answer: Formal operational stage. Final Piagetian stage (age 11+) enabling hypothetical and abstract reasoning.
Flashcard 17: What is the term for the ability to understand that objects exist even when not seen?
Answer: Object permanence. Major achievement of sensorimotor stage, typically develops around 8-12 months.
Flashcard 18: Define Vygotsky's concept of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD).
Answer: Difference between what a learner can do without help and with help. Gap between current ability and potential with guidance from skilled others.
Flashcard 19: What is the primary focus of Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?
Answer: Social interaction. Emphasizes cultural tools and collaborative learning over individual discovery.
Flashcard 20: At what age range does Piaget's concrete operational stage occur?
Answer: 7 to 11 years. Third stage where logical thinking about concrete objects and events emerges.
Flashcard 21: What cognitive ability is characterized by the use of symbols in the preoperational stage?
Answer: Symbolic thinking. Ability to use words, images, and symbols to represent objects and ideas.
Flashcard 22: What concept refers to a child's difficulty in seeing the world from another's perspective?
Answer: Egocentrism. Characteristic limitation of preoperational thinking, gradually diminishes with age.
Flashcard 23: What is the process called when children adjust their schemes to take new information into account?
Answer: Accommodation. Modifying existing schemas when new information doesn't fit current understanding.
Flashcard 24: Define 'scaffolding' in the context of cognitive development.
Answer: Support provided to promote learning and development. Temporary assistance that helps learners achieve tasks within their ZPD.
Flashcard 25: Which type of play involves children engaging in similar activities but without direct interaction?
Answer: Parallel play. Common in early childhood, shows developing social awareness without cooperation.
Flashcard 26: What is the term for the mental frameworks that organize and interpret information?
Answer: Schemas. Basic cognitive structures that help organize and understand new information.
Flashcard 27: Which psychologist proposed the eight stages of psychosocial development?
Answer: Erik Erikson. Theorist who emphasized psychosocial crises across the entire lifespan.
Flashcard 28: What is the primary challenge in Erikson's stage of 'Integrity vs. Despair'?
Answer: Reflecting on one's life and feeling a sense of fulfillment or regret. Final psychosocial stage in late adulthood, evaluating life's meaning and accomplishments.
Flashcard 29: What is a critical cognitive skill developed during the sensorimotor stage?
Answer: Object permanence. Key milestone showing cognitive advancement beyond simple sensory-motor responses.
Flashcard 30: Identify the Piagetian concept where children are unable to differentiate between their perspective and others'.
Answer: Egocentrism. Central limitation preventing perspective-taking in early childhood development.