The Decembrist Uprising began when Tsar Alexander I died with an unclear succession plan, leading to confusion in the Russian leadership. A group of Russian Army officers, calling themselves "The Union of Salvation," took the chance to try and overthrow the Tsarist regime entirely, promoting serious electoral and governmental reforms. All of the leaders of the revolt, who were called Decembrists for the month in which the revolt took place, were executed by Tsar Nicholas I in early 1826.

The Merchant class grew and become more power during the reign of Elizabeth I. Catholics and nobles remained strong throughout Elizabeth's reign, but the merchant class grew.

As Napoleon and the Grand Army marched across Europe conquering country after country, they also spread the ideals that had begotten the Napoleonic Era in the first place: liberalism, republicanism, and perhaps most importantly, nationalism. In Germany and Austria, Napoleon consolidated the several hundred princely German states into twenty or so confederations and in doing so roused nationalist sentiments in Germany and Austria.

The French Wars of the Fronde were fought during the early years of the reign of King Louis XIV (the Sun King). The Frondeurs were noblemen who were frustrated by the centralizing mission of the French monarchy. They wanted to destabilize and decentralize government to reduce the power of the monarchy and increase their own influence. They were defeated by the monarchy, who were aided by the bourgeoise and the peasantry.

All of these were demands made by the Chartist movement except the demand for universal suffrage. The Chartists wanted universal male suffrage; even the radicals in the nineteenth century were rarely so daring as to demand female enfranchisement.

The Second French Republic was created in 1848, after the revolution of that same year. The revolution was primarily inspired by an uprising of the working classes against the rule of Louis Philippe; however, the Republic would only last until 1851 when it in turn would be overthrown by Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte. Louis-Napoleon was elected as the first President of the Second French Republic, but staged a coup to have himself declared Emperor Napoleon III, the first emperor of the Second French Empire.

The Peasant’s War took place in Germany between 1524 and 1525. It began when a large proportion of the rural peasant population rose up to demand an end to manorialism, the economic and social hierarchy of feudalism that made the peasants the subjects of the lord who owned the land on which they lived and worked. It famously appalled Martin Luther, who supported the German princes in their violent repression of the rebellion.

The Edict of Fontainebleu was specifically used by King Louis XIV to drive the minority Protestant population of France out of the country. The Protestant Huguenots had been legally protected in Catholic France by the Edict of Nantes, signed by Henry IV in 1598; however, they faced certain kinds of persecution. The Edict of Fontainebleu took away all privileges, which led to hundreds of thousands of Huguenots leaving the country to move toward Protestant nations.

Anti-Semitism was on the rise in Germany in the 1870s. Notable examples of Anti-Semitic sentiment include when Wilhelm Marr wrote the popular "The Victory of Judaism over Teutonism" in 1873 and Richard Wagner's condemnation of Jewish musical influences.

The Danish Vikings first began raids on England around 800 AD and held control over large parts of England for over 200 years.