All flashcards
Flashcard 1: What was the main conflict during the Eighty Years' War?
Answer: Dutch independence from Spain. The Dutch Revolt sought freedom from Spanish Habsburg political and religious control.
Flashcard 2: Which Catholic monarch of Spain launched the Spanish Armada?
Answer: Philip II. The devoutly Catholic Spanish king sought to defend his faith militarily.
Flashcard 3: Which English monarch restored the monarchy after the English Civil War?
Answer: Charles II. The 'Merry Monarch' returned after Cromwell's Puritan Commonwealth collapsed.
Flashcard 4: What was the key conflict in the War of the Three Henrys?
Answer: French Catholics vs. Huguenots. Three Henrys competed for the throne while religious factions fought bitterly.
Flashcard 5: Name the treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War.
Answer: Peace of Westphalia. This comprehensive settlement reshaped European religious and political boundaries permanently.
Flashcard 6: What was the main impact of the Glorious Revolution on England?
Answer: Established a constitutional monarchy. Parliament gained supremacy over the crown through this bloodless revolution.
Flashcard 7: Identify the policy that allowed French Protestants limited religious freedom.
Answer: Edict of Nantes. Henry IV's religious settlement granted Huguenots worship rights in designated areas.
Flashcard 8: Which war was concluded with the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659?
Answer: Franco-Spanish War. This treaty ended French-Spanish hostilities and confirmed Spanish decline.
Flashcard 9: Name the leader of the Protestant Union during the Thirty Years' War.
Answer: Frederick V of the Palatinate. Known as the 'Winter King,' he briefly ruled Bohemia before Catholic victory.
Flashcard 10: In which country did the Eighty Years' War take place?
Answer: The Netherlands. Dutch provinces fought for independence from Spanish Habsburg rule.
Flashcard 11: Identify the ruler known for the policy of 'one king, one law, one faith.'
Answer: Louis XIV of France. The Sun King promoted Catholic unity and revoked Protestant privileges.
Flashcard 12: Which religious reformer led the Reformation in Switzerland?
Answer: Ulrich Zwingli. Zwingli established Reformed Protestantism in Zurich before his death in 1531.
Flashcard 13: Which city was besieged during the Siege of La Rochelle (1627-1628)?
Answer: La Rochelle. Richelieu besieged this major Huguenot stronghold to crush Protestant resistance.
Flashcard 14: Which ruler's policies led to the War of the Three Henrys?
Answer: Henry III of France. Three rivals named Henry competed for the French throne amid religious conflict.
Flashcard 15: Name the treaty that concluded the Habsburg-Valois Wars.
Answer: Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis, 1559. This peace treaty ended the long conflict between Habsburg and French forces.
Flashcard 16: Identify the event that marked the end of the Thirty Years' War.
Answer: Peace of Westphalia, 1648. This treaty ended the devastating religious war and reshaped European politics.
Flashcard 17: Which English monarch was executed during the English Civil War?
Answer: Charles I. Parliament executed the king in 1649 during England's republican period.
Flashcard 18: Which religious settlement attempted to stabilize France in 1598?
Answer: Edict of Nantes. Henry IV granted limited religious tolerance to French Protestants.
Flashcard 19: Name the treaty that concluded the Habsburg-Valois Wars.
Answer: Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis, 1559. This peace treaty ended the long conflict between Habsburg and French forces.
Flashcard 20: Which religious group was targeted during the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre?
Answer: Huguenots. French Protestants were massacred in this brutal Catholic attack on August 24, 1572.
Flashcard 21: Name the event that marked the beginning of the Thirty Years' War.
Answer: Defenestration of Prague, 1618. Bohemian nobles threw imperial officials from a window, sparking the conflict.
Flashcard 22: What was the primary purpose of the Council of Trent?
Answer: To counter the Protestant Reformation. This council reformed Catholic doctrine and practices to combat Protestant influence.
Flashcard 23: Identify the main religious conflict addressed by the Edict of Restitution.
Answer: Restoration of Catholic properties. Ferdinand II's decree demanded return of Catholic lands lost since 1552.
Flashcard 24: Which country gained independence as a result of the Peace of Westphalia?
Answer: The Netherlands. The United Provinces achieved formal recognition of independence from Spain.
Flashcard 25: Who was the Holy Roman Emperor at the start of the Thirty Years' War?
Answer: Ferdinand II. This Habsburg emperor championed the Catholic Counter-Reformation against Protestant rebels.
Flashcard 26: What was the primary goal of the Catholic League in France?
Answer: To eradicate Protestantism. This militant Catholic organization sought to eliminate French Protestant influence.
Flashcard 27: Identify the leader who declared the Edict of Nantes.
Answer: Henry IV of France. The former Protestant king converted to Catholicism and granted Huguenot rights.
Flashcard 28: What was the primary religion of the Dutch Republic after the Eighty Years' War?
Answer: Calvinism. Protestant Dutch rejected Catholic Spanish rule and embraced Reformed Christianity.
Flashcard 29: What was the primary consequence of the Peace of Augsburg in 1555?
Answer: Allowed princes to choose Lutheranism or Catholicism. The principle of 'cuius regio, eius religio' let rulers determine territorial religion.
Flashcard 30: Which empire was significantly weakened by the Thirty Years' War?
Answer: Holy Roman Empire. The war devastated German states and reduced imperial authority permanently.