All flashcards
Flashcard 1: What was the main reason for the spread of industry from Britain to Europe?
Answer: Technological diffusion. British technology and expertise spread to continental Europe.
Flashcard 2: What was the primary energy source that fueled early industrialization?
Answer: Coal. Abundant and efficient energy source that powered steam engines and factories.
Flashcard 3: What is the term for the movement of people from rural to urban areas for factory work?
Answer: Urbanization. Factory jobs attracted rural workers to growing industrial cities.
Flashcard 4: Which European capital became a center for banking and finance in the 19th century?
Answer: Paris. Major financial center with stock exchange and banking institutions.
Flashcard 5: Which industry was primarily responsible for Belgium's early industrialization?
Answer: Textile industry. Belgium's abundant flax resources and proximity to Britain enabled textile development.
Flashcard 6: Identify the French city that became a center for silk production in the 19th century.
Answer: Lyon. France's premier silk manufacturing hub due to skilled artisans and tradition.
Flashcard 7: Which European city became a major financial center during the Industrial Revolution?
Answer: London. Banking, insurance, and stock exchange made it Europe's financial hub.
Flashcard 8: Which class of society significantly expanded due to industrialization?
Answer: Working class. Factory workers formed new social class distinct from traditional peasants.
Flashcard 9: Identify the main reason for population growth in Europe during industrialization.
Answer: Improved living standards. Better nutrition, healthcare, and sanitation reduced mortality rates.
Flashcard 10: Which European country had significant industrial growth due to its iron and coal resources?
Answer: Germany. Abundant coal and iron ore deposits fueled rapid industrial expansion.
Flashcard 11: Identify the technological innovation that transformed communication in the 19th century.
Answer: Telegraph. Enabled instant long-distance messaging, revolutionizing business and news.
Flashcard 12: Identify the term for the shift from agrarian societies to industrial economies.
Answer: Industrialization. Transformation from agricultural to manufacturing-based economic systems.
Flashcard 13: What was the major social class that emerged as a result of industrialization?
Answer: Middle class. Bourgeoisie prospered from industrial profits and professional services.
Flashcard 14: Which European city became a major financial center during the Industrial Revolution?
Answer: London. Banking, insurance, and stock exchange made it Europe's financial hub.
Flashcard 15: Identify the process that allowed steel production to be more efficient and widespread.
Answer: Bessemer process. Removed impurities from iron efficiently, creating stronger, cheaper steel.
Flashcard 16: What type of power did the Industrial Revolution harness to replace manual labor?
Answer: Machine power. Steam and water power mechanized production, replacing human muscle.
Flashcard 17: What was the primary labor force in early European factories?
Answer: Women and children. Cheap labor willing to work long hours in harsh conditions.
Flashcard 18: Identify the economic system characterized by state ownership and planned economy.
Answer: Socialism. Collective ownership aimed to address industrial capitalism's inequalities.
Flashcard 19: Which form of transportation was revolutionized by George Stephenson's invention?
Answer: Railway locomotive. Steam-powered trains transformed goods and passenger transportation.
Flashcard 20: Which European country experienced a 'late' industrial revolution, beginning in the 1870s?
Answer: Russia. Delayed industrialization due to serfdom, limited capital, and political instability.
Flashcard 21: Identify the term for the economic policy of non-intervention by government in business.
Answer: Laissez-faire. French term meaning 'let it be' - minimal government economic intervention.
Flashcard 22: Identify the innovation that allowed mass production in factories.
Answer: Assembly line. Sequential production steps increased efficiency and reduced costs.
Flashcard 23: Which class of society significantly expanded due to industrialization?
Answer: Working class. Factory workers formed new social class distinct from traditional peasants.
Flashcard 24: What was the main transportation development that facilitated industrial expansion?
Answer: Railroads. Connected markets, reduced transport costs, and enabled rapid goods movement.
Flashcard 25: Which Italian region experienced significant industrial growth in the late 19th century?
Answer: Piedmont. Northern Italy's strategic location and resources facilitated industrial development.
Flashcard 26: Identify the French city that became a center for silk production in the 19th century.
Answer: Lyon. France's premier silk manufacturing hub due to skilled artisans and tradition.
Flashcard 27: Identify the main reason for population growth in Europe during industrialization.
Answer: Improved living standards. Better nutrition, healthcare, and sanitation reduced mortality rates.
Flashcard 28: What is the term for businesses owned by shareholders in the 19th century?
Answer: Corporations. Joint-stock companies allowed investors to pool capital for large enterprises.
Flashcard 29: Identify the European region known for its heavy industry in the late 1800s.
Answer: Silesia. Coal mining and steel production made it a major industrial region.
Flashcard 30: Identify the German region known for its coal and steel production during industrialization.
Answer: Ruhr Valley. Rich coal deposits and iron ore made it Germany's industrial heartland.