All flashcards
Flashcard 1: Which philosopher is known for the phrase 'I think, therefore I am'?
Answer: René Descartes. Established rationalism and systematic doubt as philosophical methods.
Flashcard 2: What was the main subject of study for Tycho Brahe?
Answer: Astronomy. Made precise observations that Kepler used for planetary laws.
Flashcard 3: What does the law of conservation of mass state?
Answer: Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. Fundamental principle of chemistry based on careful measurements.
Flashcard 4: Which philosopher emphasized empirical evidence in scientific practice?
Answer: Francis Bacon. Advocated for inductive reasoning and experimental observation.
Flashcard 5: Which scientist is known for his work on optics and light?
Answer: Isaac Newton. Demonstrated that white light contains the full color spectrum.
Flashcard 6: What was William Harvey's contribution to science?
Answer: Circulation of blood. Proved blood flows in a closed loop through the body.
Flashcard 7: What is Isaac Newton's First Law of Motion?
Answer: An object at rest stays at rest unless acted upon by an external force. The law of inertia - objects resist changes in motion.
Flashcard 8: What is the formula for Newton's Second Law of Motion?
Answer: F=ma. Force equals mass times acceleration in mathematical terms.
Flashcard 9: What is the significance of Kepler's First Law?
Answer: Planetary orbits are elliptical. Replaced the ancient assumption of perfect circular planetary paths.
Flashcard 10: Identify the key development in biology during the Scientific Revolution.
Answer: Detailed anatomical studies. Systematic dissection replaced reliance on ancient medical texts.
Flashcard 11: Which book did Isaac Newton publish in 1687?
Answer: Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica. His masterwork establishing the laws of motion and universal gravitation.
Flashcard 12: What did the scientific revolution challenge?
Answer: Geocentric model and traditional authorities. Replaced medieval reliance on Aristotle and church doctrine.
Flashcard 13: Identify the law that states: 'Planets sweep out equal areas in equal times.'
Answer: Kepler's Second Law. Also known as the Law of Equal Areas in orbital mechanics.
Flashcard 14: Who is considered the 'father of modern chemistry'?
Answer: Antoine Lavoisier. Established chemistry as a quantitative science with precise methods.
Flashcard 15: Identify the law of universal gravitation formula.
Answer: F=Gr2m1m2. Force depends on masses and inversely on distance squared.
Flashcard 16: Who developed the concept of the scientific method?
Answer: Francis Bacon. Promoted inductive reasoning and systematic experimentation.
Flashcard 17: What did Robert Hooke discover with his microscope?
Answer: Cells. First to observe and name the basic units of life.
Flashcard 18: What is the significance of Galileo's discovery of Jupiter's moons?
Answer: Evidence against the geocentric model. Showed celestial bodies orbit other planets, not just Earth.
Flashcard 19: What is the significance of Kepler's First Law?
Answer: Planetary orbits are elliptical. Replaced the ancient assumption of perfect circular planetary paths.
Flashcard 20: What is the significance of Newton's 'Principia Mathematica'?
Answer: Foundation of classical mechanics. Unified terrestrial and celestial mechanics under mathematical laws.
Flashcard 21: Name the scientist who formulated the laws of planetary motion.
Answer: Johannes Kepler. Discovered that planetary orbits are elliptical, not circular.
Flashcard 22: What is the scientific method?
Answer: A systematic method of observation, measurement, and experiment. Replaced reliance on ancient authorities with empirical investigation.
Flashcard 23: Which philosopher emphasized empirical evidence in scientific practice?
Answer: Francis Bacon. Advocated for inductive reasoning and experimental observation.
Flashcard 24: What did Andreas Vesalius contribute to during the Scientific Revolution?
Answer: Anatomy. Corrected ancient errors through detailed human dissections.
Flashcard 25: Which invention by Galileo Galilei was crucial for astronomical observations?
Answer: Telescope. He improved the design, achieving up to 20x magnification.
Flashcard 26: What is the principle of inertia?
Answer: An object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an external force. Newton's First Law describing objects maintaining their state of motion.
Flashcard 27: What was Nicolaus Copernicus's major contribution to astronomy?
Answer: Heliocentric model of the universe. Proposed the Sun, not Earth, as the center of the solar system.
Flashcard 28: Which discovery is Robert Boyle known for?
Answer: Boyle's Law regarding gas pressure and volume. At constant temperature, pressure and volume are inversely related.
Flashcard 29: What did the heliocentric model propose?
Answer: Sun at the center of the universe. Challenged the Earth-centered view of medieval cosmology.
Flashcard 30: Which scientist is known for his work on optics and light?
Answer: Isaac Newton. Demonstrated that white light contains the full color spectrum.