AP European History Flashcards: The Age Of Progress And Modernity

What this deck covers

This deck focuses on The Age Of Progress And Modernity, giving you a quick way to review the definitions, rules, and examples that matter most for AP European History.

How to use these flashcards

Work through these flashcards in short sessions. Try to answer each prompt before flipping the card, then revisit any cards you miss until the explanation feels automatic.

Flashcard 1: Which invention by Thomas Edison significantly impacted urban life?

Answer: The electric light bulb. Enabled extended daylight hours and transformed city nightlife.

Flashcard 2: What was a key feature of the urbanization process during the late 19th century?

Answer: Mass migration from rural to urban areas. Industrial jobs drew millions from countryside to growing cities.

Flashcard 3: What was the primary goal of the Second Industrial Revolution?

Answer: Increase production through technological innovation. This era focused on efficiency gains through new machinery and methods.

Flashcard 4: What was the primary focus of the public health movement in the 19th century?

Answer: Sanitation and disease prevention. Improved urban hygiene to combat cholera and other diseases.

Flashcard 5: Identify the economic system characterized by private ownership and free markets.

Answer: Capitalism. Economic system based on private property and profit motive.

Flashcard 6: What term describes the late 19th-century belief in the superiority of one's nation and people?

Answer: Nationalism. Ideology promoting cultural identity and political self-determination.

Flashcard 7: Identify the main energy source that replaced steam during the Second Industrial Revolution.

Answer: Electricity. Electric power became the dominant energy source, replacing steam engines.

Flashcard 8: Which art movement sought to capture the effects of light and movement in paintings?

Answer: Impressionism. French artists painted outdoors to capture changing light effects.

Flashcard 9: Identify the political system where the state controls the means of production.

Answer: Communism. Marxist system where government owns all economic resources.

Flashcard 10: What is the term for a political ideology that advocates for minimal government intervention in the economy?

Answer: Liberalism. Promotes individual freedoms and limited government economic control.

Flashcard 11: What 19th-century movement sought equal rights and opportunities for women?

Answer: Feminism. Advocated for women's suffrage and gender equality.

Flashcard 12: What major event in 1848 influenced political change across Europe?

Answer: Revolutions of 1848. Liberal uprisings swept across Europe demanding constitutional reforms.

Flashcard 13: Name the major canal completed in 1869 that significantly shortened maritime travel.

Answer: Suez Canal. Connected Mediterranean and Red Sea, reducing Asia-Europe travel time.

Flashcard 14: Which German philosopher co-authored 'The Communist Manifesto' with Karl Marx?

Answer: Friedrich Engels. Marx's close collaborator and fellow communist theorist.

Flashcard 15: Which German philosopher co-authored 'The Communist Manifesto' with Karl Marx?

Answer: Friedrich Engels. Marx's close collaborator and fellow communist theorist.

Flashcard 16: What was the primary goal of the Second Industrial Revolution?

Answer: Increase production through technological innovation. This era focused on efficiency gains through new machinery and methods.

Flashcard 17: Name the major canal completed in 1869 that significantly shortened maritime travel.

Answer: Suez Canal. Connected Mediterranean and Red Sea, reducing Asia-Europe travel time.

Flashcard 18: What was the main purpose of the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)?

Answer: Restore balance of power in Europe. Redrew European borders to prevent future French expansion.

Flashcard 19: Name the author of 'On the Origin of Species'.

Answer: Charles Darwin. His 1859 work introduced evolutionary theory to the public.

Flashcard 20: What is the theory that explains the development of species through gradual change over time?

Answer: Evolution. Darwin's theory explaining species adaptation through natural selection.

Flashcard 21: What was a key characteristic of the social structure during the Age of Progress?

Answer: Emergence of a middle class. Industrial prosperity created a bourgeois class between rich and poor.

Flashcard 22: Who is known for pioneering the field of psychoanalysis?

Answer: Sigmund Freud. Austrian doctor who explored unconscious mind and dream analysis.

Flashcard 23: Name the inventor of the telephone.

Answer: Alexander Graham Bell. Patented the first practical telephone in 1876.

Flashcard 24: Which technological advancement greatly impacted communication in the 19th century?

Answer: Telegraph. Enabled instant long-distance messaging across continents.

Flashcard 25: Identify the author of 'Das Kapital'.

Answer: Karl Marx. German philosopher who critiqued capitalism and class struggle.

Flashcard 26: What process describes the consolidation of farms and displacement of rural populations?

Answer: Enclosure. Common lands were fenced off for private agricultural use.

Flashcard 27: What is the term for the political and economic dominance of one nation over another?

Answer: Imperialism. Policy of extending national power through territorial expansion.

Flashcard 28: Identify the movement that emphasized reason and science over superstition and religion.

Answer: The Enlightenment. 18th-century intellectual movement promoting rational thinking and scientific method.

Flashcard 29: What major advancement in transportation revolutionized the movement of goods and people in the 19th century?

Answer: Railroads. Steam-powered trains connected distant regions and enabled mass transport.

Flashcard 30: Who is known for pioneering the field of psychoanalysis?

Answer: Sigmund Freud. Austrian doctor who explored unconscious mind and dream analysis.

Flashcard 31: What is the theory that explains the development of species through gradual change over time?

Answer: Evolution. Darwin's theory explaining species adaptation through natural selection.

Flashcard 32: Which scientist is known for the theory of evolution by natural selection?

Answer: Charles Darwin. Published 'On the Origin of Species' proposing natural selection theory.

Flashcard 33: What major event in 1848 influenced political change across Europe?

Answer: Revolutions of 1848. Liberal uprisings swept across Europe demanding constitutional reforms.

Flashcard 34: Identify the movement that focused on the rights and welfare of workers.

Answer: Labor movement. Workers organized to demand better conditions and fair wages.

Flashcard 35: Which event in 1871 marked the unification of Germany under Prussian leadership?

Answer: The proclamation of the German Empire. Bismarck united German states under Prussian imperial rule.

Flashcard 36: Name the inventor of the telephone.

Answer: Alexander Graham Bell. Patented the first practical telephone in 1876.

Flashcard 37: Who developed the periodic table of elements?

Answer: Dmitri Mendeleev. Russian chemist who organized elements by atomic weight patterns.

Flashcard 38: Identify the movement that emphasized reason and science over superstition and religion.

Answer: The Enlightenment. 18th-century intellectual movement promoting rational thinking and scientific method.

Flashcard 39: Which scientific breakthrough is Marie Curie known for?

Answer: Research on radioactivity. Pioneered studies of uranium and discovered polonium and radium.

Flashcard 40: What was the impact of the Bessemer process on industry?

Answer: It allowed mass production of steel. Converted iron to high-quality steel efficiently and cheaply.

Flashcard 41: What 19th-century movement sought equal rights and opportunities for women?

Answer: Feminism. Advocated for women's suffrage and gender equality.

Flashcard 42: Who is credited with the development of the germ theory of disease?

Answer: Louis Pasteur. Proved microorganisms cause disease, revolutionizing medical understanding.

Flashcard 43: Identify the economic system characterized by private ownership and free markets.

Answer: Capitalism. Economic system based on private property and profit motive.

Flashcard 44: What artistic movement emerged as a response to industrialization, focusing on emotion and nature?

Answer: Romanticism. Emphasized individual emotion and natural beauty over rational order.

Flashcard 45: Identify the main energy source that replaced steam during the Second Industrial Revolution.

Answer: Electricity. Electric power became the dominant energy source, replacing steam engines.

Flashcard 46: What is the term for the political and economic dominance of one nation over another?

Answer: Imperialism. Policy of extending national power through territorial expansion.

Flashcard 47: What was the main goal of the labor unions formed during the Industrial Revolution?

Answer: Improve working conditions and wages. Collective bargaining sought to protect worker rights and safety.

Flashcard 48: Name the author of 'On the Origin of Species'.

Answer: Charles Darwin. His 1859 work introduced evolutionary theory to the public.

Flashcard 49: Who is credited with the development of the germ theory of disease?

Answer: Louis Pasteur. Proved microorganisms cause disease, revolutionizing medical understanding.

Flashcard 50: Which ideology emphasizes the importance of a classless society?

Answer: Socialism. Advocates for worker ownership and elimination of class divisions.

Flashcard 51: What is the term for a political ideology that advocates for minimal government intervention in the economy?

Answer: Liberalism. Promotes individual freedoms and limited government economic control.

Flashcard 52: Which event in 1871 marked the unification of Germany under Prussian leadership?

Answer: The proclamation of the German Empire. Bismarck united German states under Prussian imperial rule.

Flashcard 53: What was the impact of the Bessemer process on industry?

Answer: It allowed mass production of steel. Converted iron to high-quality steel efficiently and cheaply.