All flashcards
Flashcard 1: What is the term for the political and economic dominance of one nation over another?
Answer: Imperialism. Policy of extending national power through territorial expansion.
Flashcard 2: Which event in 1871 marked the unification of Germany under Prussian leadership?
Answer: The proclamation of the German Empire. Bismarck united German states under Prussian imperial rule.
Flashcard 3: Name the author of 'On the Origin of Species'.
Answer: Charles Darwin. His 1859 work introduced evolutionary theory to the public.
Flashcard 4: What 19th-century movement sought equal rights and opportunities for women?
Answer: Feminism. Advocated for women's suffrage and gender equality.
Flashcard 5: What process describes the consolidation of farms and displacement of rural populations?
Answer: Enclosure. Common lands were fenced off for private agricultural use.
Flashcard 6: Identify the movement that emphasized reason and science over superstition and religion.
Answer: The Enlightenment. 18th-century intellectual movement promoting rational thinking and scientific method.
Flashcard 7: Who is known for pioneering the field of psychoanalysis?
Answer: Sigmund Freud. Austrian doctor who explored unconscious mind and dream analysis.
Flashcard 8: Which technological advancement greatly impacted communication in the 19th century?
Answer: Telegraph. Enabled instant long-distance messaging across continents.
Flashcard 9: What was the main purpose of the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)?
Answer: Restore balance of power in Europe. Redrew European borders to prevent future French expansion.
Flashcard 10: Identify the movement that focused on the rights and welfare of workers.
Answer: Labor movement. Workers organized to demand better conditions and fair wages.
Flashcard 11: What major event in 1848 influenced political change across Europe?
Answer: Revolutions of 1848. Liberal uprisings swept across Europe demanding constitutional reforms.
Flashcard 12: Which art movement sought to capture the effects of light and movement in paintings?
Answer: Impressionism. French artists painted outdoors to capture changing light effects.
Flashcard 13: What was the primary focus of the public health movement in the 19th century?
Answer: Sanitation and disease prevention. Improved urban hygiene to combat cholera and other diseases.
Flashcard 14: What was a key characteristic of the social structure during the Age of Progress?
Answer: Emergence of a middle class. Industrial prosperity created a bourgeois class between rich and poor.
Flashcard 15: Who developed the periodic table of elements?
Answer: Dmitri Mendeleev. Russian chemist who organized elements by atomic weight patterns.
Flashcard 16: Identify the political system where the state controls the means of production.
Answer: Communism. Marxist system where government owns all economic resources.
Flashcard 17: What was the impact of the Bessemer process on industry?
Answer: It allowed mass production of steel. Converted iron to high-quality steel efficiently and cheaply.
Flashcard 18: What was the main goal of the labor unions formed during the Industrial Revolution?
Answer: Improve working conditions and wages. Collective bargaining sought to protect worker rights and safety.
Flashcard 19: What major advancement in transportation revolutionized the movement of goods and people in the 19th century?
Answer: Railroads. Steam-powered trains connected distant regions and enabled mass transport.
Flashcard 20: Identify the movement that emphasized reason and science over superstition and religion.
Answer: The Enlightenment. 18th-century intellectual movement promoting rational thinking and scientific method.
Flashcard 21: Identify the economic system characterized by private ownership and free markets.
Answer: Capitalism. Economic system based on private property and profit motive.
Flashcard 22: What term describes the late 19th-century belief in the superiority of one's nation and people?
Answer: Nationalism. Ideology promoting cultural identity and political self-determination.
Flashcard 23: Which German philosopher co-authored 'The Communist Manifesto' with Karl Marx?
Answer: Friedrich Engels. Marx's close collaborator and fellow communist theorist.
Flashcard 24: Who is credited with the development of the germ theory of disease?
Answer: Louis Pasteur. Proved microorganisms cause disease, revolutionizing medical understanding.
Flashcard 25: Name the major canal completed in 1869 that significantly shortened maritime travel.
Answer: Suez Canal. Connected Mediterranean and Red Sea, reducing Asia-Europe travel time.
Flashcard 26: What is the theory that explains the development of species through gradual change over time?
Answer: Evolution. Darwin's theory explaining species adaptation through natural selection.
Flashcard 27: Which invention by Thomas Edison significantly impacted urban life?
Answer: The electric light bulb. Enabled extended daylight hours and transformed city nightlife.
Flashcard 28: What is the term for a political ideology that advocates for minimal government intervention in the economy?
Answer: Liberalism. Promotes individual freedoms and limited government economic control.
Flashcard 29: Which scientific breakthrough is Marie Curie known for?
Answer: Research on radioactivity. Pioneered studies of uranium and discovered polonium and radium.
Flashcard 30: Identify the author of 'Das Kapital'.
Answer: Karl Marx. German philosopher who critiqued capitalism and class struggle.