All flashcards
Flashcard 1: What term refers to wage-earning industrial workers who sold their labor for pay?
Answer: The proletariat (working class). Industrial workers who owned no means of production.
Flashcard 2: What was the most common housing pattern for early industrial workers in rapidly growing cities?
Answer: Overcrowded tenements and slums. Rapid urban growth outpaced housing, creating dense poverty.
Flashcard 3: What is the term for the rapid growth of cities caused largely by industrial job opportunities?
Answer: Urbanization. Industrial jobs concentrated in cities, drawing rural workers.
Flashcard 4: What concept describes the separation of workplace (factory) from home life in industrial society?
Answer: Separation of home and work (domestic-industrial divide). Factories created distinct work locations away from living spaces.
Flashcard 5: What was the main social class that expanded due to industrialization and professional occupations?
Answer: The middle class (bourgeoisie). New professions and business opportunities created wealth.
Flashcard 6: What public health problem was strongly associated with early industrial cities due to crowding and poor sanitation?
Answer: Epidemic disease (especially cholera). Poor sanitation and crowding spread waterborne diseases.
Flashcard 7: What term describes the widespread employment of children in factories and mines for low wages?
Answer: Child labor. Factories exploited children's small size and cheap labor.
Flashcard 8: What concept describes the strict scheduling and time-discipline imposed by factory work?
Answer: Factory discipline (time discipline). Clock-based schedules replaced task-based work rhythms.
Flashcard 9: What was the primary goal of early labor unions in industrial Europe?
Answer: Higher wages and better working conditions. Workers organized to counter exploitation and poverty.
Flashcard 10: What term refers to workers deliberately breaking machines to protest industrial change?
Answer: Luddism. Named after Ned Ludd, workers feared job displacement.
Flashcard 11: What ideology argued that society is divided into classes whose conflict drives historical change?
Answer: Marxism (class conflict theory). Marx saw class struggle as history's driving force.
Flashcard 12: What term describes the shift toward smaller families and deliberate limitation of births in industrial societies?
Answer: Declining birth rate (demographic transition). Urban families limited births for economic reasons.
Flashcard 13: What social change is indicated when marriage occurs later and family size decreases in industrial regions?
Answer: The demographic transition toward smaller families. Economic pressures led to family planning and delayed marriage.
Flashcard 14: What term describes the ideal that women should focus on home and morality while men work in public life?
Answer: Separate spheres ideology. Victorian ideal confined women to domestic roles.
Flashcard 15: What was the most typical effect of industrialization on women’s work in many working-class families?
Answer: Continued wage labor, often in textiles or domestic service. Poor women still worked despite domestic ideals.
Flashcard 16: What reform movement sought to reduce alcohol consumption as a response to urban poverty and disorder?
Answer: The temperance movement. Reformers blamed alcohol for social problems.
Flashcard 17: What policy approach describes government action to regulate factories, sanitation, and housing to address social ills?
Answer: Social reform through state intervention. Governments regulated to improve living conditions.
Flashcard 18: Identify the key social effect if a city adds sewers, clean water, and waste removal in the 1800s.
Answer: Improved public health and lower urban mortality. Sanitation infrastructure reduced disease outbreaks.
Flashcard 19: What term describes the movement of people from rural areas to cities for factory employment?
Answer: Rural-to-urban migration. People left farms seeking industrial wages.
Flashcard 20: Which group most benefited from new consumer goods and a culture of respectability in industrial Europe?
Answer: The middle class. Rising incomes enabled consumption and social status.
Flashcard 21: What term describes the overcrowded, poorly built urban housing of many industrial workers?
Answer: Tenements. Cheap, cramped apartments housed multiple families in unsanitary conditions.
Flashcard 22: Which social effect best matches this description: crowded housing, disease, and pollution in cities?
Answer: Rapid urban growth outpacing infrastructure. Cities expanded faster than sewers, housing, and public services.
Flashcard 23: Which reform ideology favored gradual change through laws such as factory regulation and welfare?
Answer: Social democracy (reform socialism). Evolutionary socialism sought reform within existing systems.
Flashcard 24: Identify the term for government policies that addressed poverty via pensions, insurance, and aid.
Answer: Welfare state (social legislation). Government programs provided safety nets for industrial society.
Flashcard 25: What is the name for city districts marked by concentrated poverty and poor sanitation?
Answer: Urban slums. Industrial cities created impoverished neighborhoods lacking basic services.
Flashcard 26: What is the name for the political movement demanding expanded male suffrage and reforms in Britain?
Answer: Chartism. British workers demanded voting rights through the People's Charter.
Flashcard 27: What term describes worker organizations that provided mutual aid such as sick benefits?
Answer: Friendly societies (mutual aid societies). Early worker groups pooled resources for unemployment and illness.
Flashcard 28: What tactic involves workers refusing to work to pressure employers for concessions?
Answer: Strike. Work stoppages forced employers to negotiate or lose production.
Flashcard 29: What concept describes the move from home-based work to centralized factory production?
Answer: Factory system. Centralized production replaced cottage industries and artisan workshops.
Flashcard 30: What class expanded most due to industrialization and white-collar work in the nineteenth century?
Answer: Middle class (bourgeoisie). Factory owners, professionals, and merchants formed a new economic elite.