Social Effects of Industrialization - AP European History
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What term refers to wage-earning industrial workers who sold their labor for pay?
What term refers to wage-earning industrial workers who sold their labor for pay?
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The proletariat (working class). Industrial workers who owned no means of production.
The proletariat (working class). Industrial workers who owned no means of production.
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What was the most common housing pattern for early industrial workers in rapidly growing cities?
What was the most common housing pattern for early industrial workers in rapidly growing cities?
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Overcrowded tenements and slums. Rapid urban growth outpaced housing, creating dense poverty.
Overcrowded tenements and slums. Rapid urban growth outpaced housing, creating dense poverty.
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What is the term for the rapid growth of cities caused largely by industrial job opportunities?
What is the term for the rapid growth of cities caused largely by industrial job opportunities?
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Urbanization. Industrial jobs concentrated in cities, drawing rural workers.
Urbanization. Industrial jobs concentrated in cities, drawing rural workers.
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What concept describes the separation of workplace (factory) from home life in industrial society?
What concept describes the separation of workplace (factory) from home life in industrial society?
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Separation of home and work (domestic-industrial divide). Factories created distinct work locations away from living spaces.
Separation of home and work (domestic-industrial divide). Factories created distinct work locations away from living spaces.
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What was the main social class that expanded due to industrialization and professional occupations?
What was the main social class that expanded due to industrialization and professional occupations?
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The middle class (bourgeoisie). New professions and business opportunities created wealth.
The middle class (bourgeoisie). New professions and business opportunities created wealth.
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What public health problem was strongly associated with early industrial cities due to crowding and poor sanitation?
What public health problem was strongly associated with early industrial cities due to crowding and poor sanitation?
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Epidemic disease (especially cholera). Poor sanitation and crowding spread waterborne diseases.
Epidemic disease (especially cholera). Poor sanitation and crowding spread waterborne diseases.
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What term describes the widespread employment of children in factories and mines for low wages?
What term describes the widespread employment of children in factories and mines for low wages?
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Child labor. Factories exploited children's small size and cheap labor.
Child labor. Factories exploited children's small size and cheap labor.
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What concept describes the strict scheduling and time-discipline imposed by factory work?
What concept describes the strict scheduling and time-discipline imposed by factory work?
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Factory discipline (time discipline). Clock-based schedules replaced task-based work rhythms.
Factory discipline (time discipline). Clock-based schedules replaced task-based work rhythms.
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What was the primary goal of early labor unions in industrial Europe?
What was the primary goal of early labor unions in industrial Europe?
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Higher wages and better working conditions. Workers organized to counter exploitation and poverty.
Higher wages and better working conditions. Workers organized to counter exploitation and poverty.
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What term refers to workers deliberately breaking machines to protest industrial change?
What term refers to workers deliberately breaking machines to protest industrial change?
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Luddism. Named after Ned Ludd, workers feared job displacement.
Luddism. Named after Ned Ludd, workers feared job displacement.
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What ideology argued that society is divided into classes whose conflict drives historical change?
What ideology argued that society is divided into classes whose conflict drives historical change?
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Marxism (class conflict theory). Marx saw class struggle as history's driving force.
Marxism (class conflict theory). Marx saw class struggle as history's driving force.
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What term describes the shift toward smaller families and deliberate limitation of births in industrial societies?
What term describes the shift toward smaller families and deliberate limitation of births in industrial societies?
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Declining birth rate (demographic transition). Urban families limited births for economic reasons.
Declining birth rate (demographic transition). Urban families limited births for economic reasons.
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What social change is indicated when marriage occurs later and family size decreases in industrial regions?
What social change is indicated when marriage occurs later and family size decreases in industrial regions?
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The demographic transition toward smaller families. Economic pressures led to family planning and delayed marriage.
The demographic transition toward smaller families. Economic pressures led to family planning and delayed marriage.
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What term describes the ideal that women should focus on home and morality while men work in public life?
What term describes the ideal that women should focus on home and morality while men work in public life?
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Separate spheres ideology. Victorian ideal confined women to domestic roles.
Separate spheres ideology. Victorian ideal confined women to domestic roles.
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What was the most typical effect of industrialization on women’s work in many working-class families?
What was the most typical effect of industrialization on women’s work in many working-class families?
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Continued wage labor, often in textiles or domestic service. Poor women still worked despite domestic ideals.
Continued wage labor, often in textiles or domestic service. Poor women still worked despite domestic ideals.
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What reform movement sought to reduce alcohol consumption as a response to urban poverty and disorder?
What reform movement sought to reduce alcohol consumption as a response to urban poverty and disorder?
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The temperance movement. Reformers blamed alcohol for social problems.
The temperance movement. Reformers blamed alcohol for social problems.
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What policy approach describes government action to regulate factories, sanitation, and housing to address social ills?
What policy approach describes government action to regulate factories, sanitation, and housing to address social ills?
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Social reform through state intervention. Governments regulated to improve living conditions.
Social reform through state intervention. Governments regulated to improve living conditions.
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Identify the key social effect if a city adds sewers, clean water, and waste removal in the 1800s.
Identify the key social effect if a city adds sewers, clean water, and waste removal in the 1800s.
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Improved public health and lower urban mortality. Sanitation infrastructure reduced disease outbreaks.
Improved public health and lower urban mortality. Sanitation infrastructure reduced disease outbreaks.
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What term describes the movement of people from rural areas to cities for factory employment?
What term describes the movement of people from rural areas to cities for factory employment?
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Rural-to-urban migration. People left farms seeking industrial wages.
Rural-to-urban migration. People left farms seeking industrial wages.
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Which group most benefited from new consumer goods and a culture of respectability in industrial Europe?
Which group most benefited from new consumer goods and a culture of respectability in industrial Europe?
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The middle class. Rising incomes enabled consumption and social status.
The middle class. Rising incomes enabled consumption and social status.
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What term describes the overcrowded, poorly built urban housing of many industrial workers?
What term describes the overcrowded, poorly built urban housing of many industrial workers?
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Tenements. Cheap, cramped apartments housed multiple families in unsanitary conditions.
Tenements. Cheap, cramped apartments housed multiple families in unsanitary conditions.
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Which social effect best matches this description: crowded housing, disease, and pollution in cities?
Which social effect best matches this description: crowded housing, disease, and pollution in cities?
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Rapid urban growth outpacing infrastructure. Cities expanded faster than sewers, housing, and public services.
Rapid urban growth outpacing infrastructure. Cities expanded faster than sewers, housing, and public services.
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Which reform ideology favored gradual change through laws such as factory regulation and welfare?
Which reform ideology favored gradual change through laws such as factory regulation and welfare?
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Social democracy (reform socialism). Evolutionary socialism sought reform within existing systems.
Social democracy (reform socialism). Evolutionary socialism sought reform within existing systems.
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Identify the term for government policies that addressed poverty via pensions, insurance, and aid.
Identify the term for government policies that addressed poverty via pensions, insurance, and aid.
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Welfare state (social legislation). Government programs provided safety nets for industrial society.
Welfare state (social legislation). Government programs provided safety nets for industrial society.
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What is the name for city districts marked by concentrated poverty and poor sanitation?
What is the name for city districts marked by concentrated poverty and poor sanitation?
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Urban slums. Industrial cities created impoverished neighborhoods lacking basic services.
Urban slums. Industrial cities created impoverished neighborhoods lacking basic services.
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What is the name for the political movement demanding expanded male suffrage and reforms in Britain?
What is the name for the political movement demanding expanded male suffrage and reforms in Britain?
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Chartism. British workers demanded voting rights through the People's Charter.
Chartism. British workers demanded voting rights through the People's Charter.
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What term describes worker organizations that provided mutual aid such as sick benefits?
What term describes worker organizations that provided mutual aid such as sick benefits?
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Friendly societies (mutual aid societies). Early worker groups pooled resources for unemployment and illness.
Friendly societies (mutual aid societies). Early worker groups pooled resources for unemployment and illness.
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What tactic involves workers refusing to work to pressure employers for concessions?
What tactic involves workers refusing to work to pressure employers for concessions?
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Strike. Work stoppages forced employers to negotiate or lose production.
Strike. Work stoppages forced employers to negotiate or lose production.
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What concept describes the move from home-based work to centralized factory production?
What concept describes the move from home-based work to centralized factory production?
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Factory system. Centralized production replaced cottage industries and artisan workshops.
Factory system. Centralized production replaced cottage industries and artisan workshops.
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What class expanded most due to industrialization and white-collar work in the nineteenth century?
What class expanded most due to industrialization and white-collar work in the nineteenth century?
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Middle class (bourgeoisie). Factory owners, professionals, and merchants formed a new economic elite.
Middle class (bourgeoisie). Factory owners, professionals, and merchants formed a new economic elite.
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