All flashcards
Flashcard 1: Which German statesman was responsible for the unification of Germany in 1871?
Answer: Otto von Bismarck. Prussian chancellor who used realpolitik to achieve German unification.
Flashcard 2: Identify the key goal of the 1871 Paris Commune.
Answer: To establish a socialist government. Radical government that briefly ruled Paris after France's defeat by Prussia.
Flashcard 3: Which treaty ended the Crimean War in 1856?
Answer: The Treaty of Paris. Ended the war with Russia's defeat and limited Black Sea naval power.
Flashcard 4: Who led the Italian unification movement known as the Risorgimento?
Answer: Giuseppe Garibaldi. Military leader who conquered southern Italy and Sicily for unification.
Flashcard 5: Identify the act that abolished serfdom in Russia in 1861.
Answer: The Emancipation Reform. Tsar Alexander II freed millions of serfs as part of modernization efforts.
Flashcard 6: What event marked the end of the Napoleonic Wars?
Answer: The Battle of Waterloo. Napoleon's final defeat in 1815 ended his political and military career.
Flashcard 7: Which 19th-century ideology prioritized tradition and social stability?
Answer: Conservatism. Reaction against revolutionary change, favoring established institutions and gradual reform.
Flashcard 8: Who was the ruler of France during the Congress of Vienna?
Answer: Louis XVIII. Restored to the throne after Napoleon's exile, he represented legitimacy.
Flashcard 9: Which social class was primarily responsible for the revolutions of 1848?
Answer: The middle class. Bourgeoisie led liberal movements demanding constitutional government and rights.
Flashcard 10: Name the treaty that confirmed the independence of Greece in 1832.
Answer: The Treaty of Constantinople. Recognized Greek independence after years of Ottoman rule and warfare.
Flashcard 11: Name the treaty that dissolved the Holy Roman Empire in 1806.
Answer: The Treaty of Pressburg. Ended the Holy Roman Empire after Napoleon's victories over Austria.
Flashcard 12: What event marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Britain?
Answer: The invention of the steam engine. Steam power revolutionized manufacturing and transportation in the 1760s.
Flashcard 13: Which 1848 revolution aimed to unify the German states?
Answer: The German Revolution. Part of the broader 1848 revolutionary wave seeking national unification.
Flashcard 14: Which 19th-century movement sought to extend voting rights to all men?
Answer: Chartism. British working-class movement demanding democratic reforms and universal suffrage.
Flashcard 15: Who led the Italian unification movement known as the Risorgimento?
Answer: Giuseppe Garibaldi. Military leader who conquered southern Italy and Sicily for unification.
Flashcard 16: Who was the ruler of France during the Congress of Vienna?
Answer: Louis XVIII. Restored to the throne after Napoleon's exile, he represented legitimacy.
Flashcard 17: Who authored 'The Communist Manifesto' in 1848?
Answer: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The foundational text outlining communist theory and class struggle.
Flashcard 18: Which institution was established by the Congress of Vienna to prevent future wars?
Answer: The Concert of Europe. System of regular consultations between major powers to maintain peace.
Flashcard 19: What event triggered the Revolutions of 1848 across Europe?
Answer: The February Revolution in France. Overthrow of Louis-Philippe inspired liberal uprisings across the continent.
Flashcard 20: What was the central aim of the Frankfurt Assembly in 1848-1849?
Answer: To unify the German states. Liberal parliament that attempted to create a unified German constitutional monarchy.
Flashcard 21: Which 19th-century ideology focused on cultural and national identity?
Answer: Nationalism. Political movement emphasizing shared language, culture, and historical heritage.
Flashcard 22: Name the agreement that united the North German Confederation in 1867.
Answer: The North German Confederation Treaty. Prussian-led alliance excluding Austria, step toward German unification.
Flashcard 23: What event triggered the Revolutions of 1848 across Europe?
Answer: The February Revolution in France. Overthrow of Louis-Philippe inspired liberal uprisings across the continent.
Flashcard 24: Which institution was established by the Congress of Vienna to prevent future wars?
Answer: The Concert of Europe. System of regular consultations between major powers to maintain peace.
Flashcard 25: Identify the document that established the German Confederation in 1815.
Answer: The German Confederation Act. Created a loose confederation of 39 German states under Austrian leadership.
Flashcard 26: Who was the leader of the Bolshevik Party during the Russian Revolution?
Answer: Vladimir Lenin. Revolutionary leader who seized power in the October Revolution of 1917.
Flashcard 27: What economic system did the Bolsheviks implement after the Russian Revolution?
Answer: Communism. Socialist system where the state controlled all means of production.
Flashcard 28: Which event is considered the start of the Russian Revolution of 1917?
Answer: The February Revolution. Popular uprising that forced Tsar Nicholas II's abdication in March 1917.
Flashcard 29: Name the treaty that ended the Franco-Prussian War in 1871.
Answer: The Treaty of Frankfurt. Imposed heavy reparations on France and established German unity.
Flashcard 30: What was the main goal of the July Revolution of 1830 in France?
Answer: To overthrow King Charles X. Revolution replaced the conservative Bourbon king with Louis-Philippe.