All flashcards
Flashcard 1: Who was Martin Luther?
Answer: A German monk who initiated the Protestant Reformation. Posted 95 Theses in 1517 challenging Catholic practices.
Flashcard 2: What was the Jesuit Order's primary mission?
Answer: To spread Catholicism and counter the Reformation. Elite Catholic order focused on education and missionary work.
Flashcard 3: Who was Ignatius of Loyola?
Answer: The founder of the Jesuit Order. Spanish soldier turned priest who founded the Society of Jesus.
Flashcard 4: Which reformer is associated with the concept of 'justification by faith alone'?
Answer: Martin Luther. Central Lutheran doctrine rejecting salvation through good works alone.
Flashcard 5: What was the Act of Supremacy (1534)?
Answer: It declared the King of England the head of the Church of England. Replaced papal authority with royal supremacy over English church.
Flashcard 6: Which event marked the beginning of the Thirty Years' War?
Answer: The Defenestration of Prague. Catholic officials thrown from Prague castle window in 1618.
Flashcard 7: What was the Jesuit Order's primary mission?
Answer: To spread Catholicism and counter the Reformation. Elite Catholic order focused on education and missionary work.
Flashcard 8: What did the Peace of Augsburg fail to recognize?
Answer: Calvinism as a legitimate faith. Only recognized Lutheran and Catholic faiths, excluding Reformed churches.
Flashcard 9: Who was John Calvin?
Answer: A French theologian and reformer in Geneva. Developed predestination doctrine and established theocracy in Geneva.
Flashcard 10: What was the impact of the Reformation on education?
Answer: Increased emphasis on literacy and schools. Protestant emphasis on Bible reading promoted popular education.
Flashcard 11: What document did Martin Luther famously publish in 1517?
Answer: The Ninety-Five Theses. Challenged indulgence sales and sparked the Protestant Reformation.
Flashcard 12: What was the outcome of the Marburg Colloquy?
Answer: Luther and Zwingli failed to agree on the Eucharist. Theological disagreement prevented unified Protestant front against Catholics.
Flashcard 13: What did the Edict of Worms declare?
Answer: Luther was a heretic and enemy of the state. Imperial decree outlawed Luther throughout Holy Roman Empire.
Flashcard 14: Who succeeded Henry VIII and continued the Protestant Reformation in England?
Answer: Edward VI. Henry's son advanced Protestant reforms with Cranmer's guidance.
Flashcard 15: How did Queen Elizabeth I contribute to the English Reformation?
Answer: Established the Elizabethan Religious Settlement. Moderate Protestant compromise balancing Catholic and Reformed elements.
Flashcard 16: Who was the founder of the Presbyterian Church?
Answer: John Knox. Scottish reformer established Calvinist Presbyterian church structure there.
Flashcard 17: What was the primary focus of the Catholic Reformation?
Answer: Internal reform and combatting Protestantism. Institutional renewal combined with active opposition to Protestant expansion.
Flashcard 18: What did the Index of Forbidden Books aim to do?
Answer: Prohibit the reading of certain heretical texts. Catholic censorship tool preventing spread of Protestant literature.
Flashcard 19: Who was Ulrich Zwingli?
Answer: A Swiss reformer who led the Reformation in Zurich. Reformed Zurich independently from Luther, emphasizing symbolic communion.
Flashcard 20: What was a key difference between Lutheran and Calvinist theology?
Answer: Calvinism emphasized predestination more strongly. Calvin stressed divine election while Luther emphasized justification.
Flashcard 21: What was the significance of the Edict of Nantes (1598)?
Answer: It granted religious tolerance to Huguenots in France. Ended French Wars of Religion by protecting Protestant rights.
Flashcard 22: What does the term 'Protestant' refer to?
Answer: Followers of the reformed churches breaking from Catholicism. Originally meant those protesting Catholic practices at imperial diets.
Flashcard 23: Who led the Scottish Reformation?
Answer: John Knox. Calvinist minister who established Presbyterian Church in Scotland.
Flashcard 24: What was the Schmalkaldic League?
Answer: A defensive alliance of Lutheran princes. Protected Lutheran territories from Catholic Habsburg persecution.
Flashcard 25: What document did Martin Luther famously publish in 1517?
Answer: The Ninety-Five Theses. Challenged indulgence sales and sparked the Protestant Reformation.
Flashcard 26: Identify the primary criticism in Luther's Ninety-Five Theses.
Answer: The sale of indulgences. Luther condemned paying money for forgiveness of sins.
Flashcard 27: Who was John Calvin?
Answer: A French theologian and reformer in Geneva. Developed predestination doctrine and established theocracy in Geneva.
Flashcard 28: What is predestination in Calvinism?
Answer: The belief that God has preordained salvation for some. Calvin taught God predetermined who would be saved eternally.
Flashcard 29: Which English monarch initiated the English Reformation?
Answer: King Henry VIII. Broke from Rome to divorce Catherine of Aragon and remarry.
Flashcard 30: What was the main theological difference between Luther and Zwingli?
Answer: The nature of the Eucharist. Luther saw symbolic presence; Zwingli viewed purely symbolic communion.