All flashcards
Flashcard 1: Which cultural movement emphasized emotion and individualism?
Answer: Romanticism. Reaction against Enlightenment rationalism, celebrating national folk traditions.
Flashcard 2: Identify the principal architect of German unification.
Answer: Otto von Bismarck. Used 'Blood and Iron' policy and Realpolitik to unite German states.
Flashcard 3: What was the outcome of the 1864 Second Schleswig War?
Answer: Prussia and Austria gained control of Schleswig and Holstein. Divided administration of duchies between the two German powers.
Flashcard 4: Who wrote 'The Duties of Man' promoting Italian nationalism?
Answer: Giuseppe Mazzini. Founded Young Italy movement advocating democratic republican nationalism.
Flashcard 5: What was the Risorgimento?
Answer: The 19th-century movement for Italian unification. Literally 'resurgence,' combining liberal and nationalist aspirations.
Flashcard 6: Which treaty ended the Franco-Prussian War?
Answer: The Treaty of Frankfurt (1871). Formalized German territorial gains and French war reparations.
Flashcard 7: What was the significance of the Danish War (1864)?
Answer: It strengthened Prussia's position in German affairs. Demonstrated effective Austro-Prussian cooperation against Denmark.
Flashcard 8: Identify the term for extreme patriotic fervor.
Answer: Jingoism. Aggressive nationalism often leading to militaristic foreign policies.
Flashcard 9: What was the primary aim of the Carbonari?
Answer: To promote Italian unification and liberal revolutions. Secret society fighting Austrian control through revolutionary conspiracies.
Flashcard 10: Who was the first King of unified Italy?
Answer: Victor Emmanuel II. Sardinian king who became constitutional monarch of united Italy.
Flashcard 11: What event marked the unification of Germany in 1871?
Answer: Proclamation of the German Empire in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles. Symbolic ceremony following Prussia's victory in the Franco-Prussian War.
Flashcard 12: Identify the principal architect of German unification.
Answer: Otto von Bismarck. Used 'Blood and Iron' policy and Realpolitik to unite German states.
Flashcard 13: What is nationalism?
Answer: Nationalism is the ideological belief in the importance of a unified national identity. Emphasizes shared culture, language, and territory as basis for political unity.
Flashcard 14: What ideology opposes nationalism by emphasizing global cooperation?
Answer: Internationalism. Promotes cooperation across national boundaries rather than national interests.
Flashcard 15: Which German state was excluded from the North German Confederation?
Answer: Austria. Bismarck deliberately excluded Austria to ensure Prussian leadership.
Flashcard 16: What is Pan-Slavism?
Answer: A movement aimed at unity of all Slavic peoples. Sought cultural and political unity among Slavic-speaking peoples.
Flashcard 17: Which event is considered the spark of the 1848 Revolutions?
Answer: The February Revolution in France. Overthrow of Louis-Philippe inspired liberal revolutions across Europe.
Flashcard 18: What was the primary goal of the Frankfurt Assembly?
Answer: To create a unified Germany under a constitutional monarchy. Attempted to create liberal German nation-state through democratic means.
Flashcard 19: What was the main result of the Austro-Prussian War?
Answer: The exclusion of Austria from German affairs. Established Prussian hegemony over northern and central German states.
Flashcard 20: Who was the Austrian foreign minister at the Congress of Vienna?
Answer: Klemens von Metternich. Conservative architect of the post-Napoleonic European settlement.
Flashcard 21: What was the main political ideology of the 1848 revolutions?
Answer: Liberalism. Demanded constitutional government, civil liberties, and national unification.
Flashcard 22: Which event prompted Bismarck's 'Blood and Iron' speech?
Answer: The failure of the Frankfurt Assembly to unify Germany. Assembly's failure convinced Bismarck that force, not debate, unifies nations.
Flashcard 23: What was the primary aim of the Holy Alliance?
Answer: To suppress revolutionary movements in Europe. Conservative coalition to maintain monarchical authority against revolution.
Flashcard 24: Identify the nationalist movement that sought to unite all German-speaking peoples.
Answer: Pan-Germanism. Sought to include Austria and German minorities in unified state.
Flashcard 25: What was the significance of the Battle of Königgrätz (1866)?
Answer: A decisive Prussian victory over Austria in the Austro-Prussian War. Decisive battle that ended Austrian influence in German affairs.
Flashcard 26: What was the impact of the Treaty of Villafranca (1859)?
Answer: Ended the Austro-Sardinian War; Lombardy ceded to Sardinia. Advanced Italian unification by transferring Austrian territory to Sardinia.
Flashcard 27: Which war significantly contributed to Italian unification?
Answer: The Austro-Prussian War (1866). Prussia's victory weakened Austria and aided Italian territorial gains.
Flashcard 28: What is Realpolitik?
Answer: Realpolitik is a political system based on practicality rather than morals or ideology. Bismarck's approach prioritizing practical results over idealistic principles.
Flashcard 29: Which 19th-century cultural movement was closely tied to nationalism?
Answer: Romanticism. Emphasized emotion, folk culture, and national heritage over rationalism.
Flashcard 30: What was the main objective of the Congress of Vienna (1815)?
Answer: To restore balance of power and suppress nationalism post-Napoleon. Established conservative order through principle of legitimacy.