All flashcards
Flashcard 1: Which sacraments did Luther retain in his teachings?
Answer: Baptism and Eucharist. Luther reduced seven Catholic sacraments to only these two.
Flashcard 2: Which reformer is associated with the concept of predestination?
Answer: John Calvin. Geneva reformer who taught that salvation was predetermined by God.
Flashcard 3: What was the main purpose of the Council of Trent (1545–1563)?
Answer: Address Protestant challenges. Catholic council that reaffirmed traditional teachings against Protestant reforms.
Flashcard 4: Which religious order was founded to combat Protestantism?
Answer: Jesuits. Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola for missionary work.
Flashcard 5: Which German prince protected Luther after the Diet of Worms?
Answer: Frederick the Wise. Elector of Saxony who sheltered Luther at Wartburg Castle.
Flashcard 6: What is the term for Luther's doctrine that one is saved through faith alone?
Answer: Sola fide. Latin term for Luther's core belief in salvation by faith alone.
Flashcard 7: Which city was the center of Martin Luther's activities?
Answer: Wittenberg. German university town where Luther taught and began the Reformation.
Flashcard 8: What was the primary language of Luther's Bible translation?
Answer: German. Luther translated Scripture into vernacular German for common people.
Flashcard 9: What was Luther's view on the role of the clergy?
Answer: Priesthood of all believers. Luther taught that all Christians have direct access to God.
Flashcard 10: Which practice did Luther criticize as corrupt and exploitative?
Answer: Indulgences. Luther condemned the payment system for reducing punishment for sins.
Flashcard 11: What was the role of the printing press in the Reformation?
Answer: Dissemination of ideas. Technology enabled mass production and distribution of Reformation literature.
Flashcard 12: What was Luther's stance on the veneration of saints?
Answer: Opposed. Luther rejected saint worship as unbiblical and idolatrous.
Flashcard 13: What practice did Luther strongly oppose, involving the remission of sins for money?
Answer: Sale of indulgences. Paying money to reduce punishment for sins, which Luther condemned.
Flashcard 14: Which religious text did Luther translate into German?
Answer: The Bible. Luther's German translation made Scripture accessible to common people.
Flashcard 15: What economic class primarily supported the Reformation in its early stages?
Answer: Middle class. Burghers and merchants supported reform for economic and religious reasons.
Flashcard 16: Which sacraments did Luther retain in his teachings?
Answer: Baptism and Eucharist. Luther reduced seven Catholic sacraments to only these two.
Flashcard 17: Identify the key theological disagreement between Luther and the Catholic Church.
Answer: Justification by faith versus works. Luther emphasized grace through faith, not good deeds for salvation.
Flashcard 18: What was the primary theological principle of Martin Luther's Reformation?
Answer: Justification by faith alone. Core Lutheran doctrine emphasizing salvation through faith rather than works.
Flashcard 19: Identify the document Martin Luther nailed to the church door in 1517.
Answer: Ninety-Five Theses. Luther's 95 points challenging Catholic practices, especially indulgences.
Flashcard 20: Which invention significantly aided the spread of Reformation ideas?
Answer: Printing press. Enabled rapid spread of Reformation texts and ideas across Europe.
Flashcard 21: What was the language of the Bible before Luther's translation into German?
Answer: Latin. Catholic Church used Latin for liturgy and Scripture before vernacular translations.
Flashcard 22: What was the outcome of the Diet of Worms in 1521 for Martin Luther?
Answer: Excommunication. Luther was declared a heretic and banned from the Holy Roman Empire.
Flashcard 23: Which Holy Roman Emperor presided over the Diet of Worms?
Answer: Charles V. Holy Roman Emperor who condemned Luther at the Diet of Worms in 1521.
Flashcard 24: What term describes the sale of church positions and indulgences?
Answer: Simony. Corrupt practice of buying and selling church offices for profit.
Flashcard 25: What did Luther argue was the sole source of religious authority?
Answer: Scripture. Luther rejected papal and church authority, emphasizing Bible alone.
Flashcard 26: Identify the 1555 agreement that allowed princes to choose their territory's religion.
Answer: Peace of Augsburg. Established cuius regio, eius religio principle in the Holy Roman Empire.
Flashcard 27: What was the primary goal of the Counter-Reformation?
Answer: Reform the Catholic Church. Catholic response to address Protestant criticisms and clarify doctrine.
Flashcard 28: What practice did Luther strongly oppose, involving the remission of sins for money?
Answer: Sale of indulgences. Paying money to reduce punishment for sins, which Luther condemned.
Flashcard 29: What was Luther's stance on the veneration of saints?
Answer: Opposed. Luther rejected saint worship as unbiblical and idolatrous.
Flashcard 30: Identify the term for the belief in the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist.
Answer: Transubstantiation. Catholic doctrine that bread and wine become Christ's actual body and blood.