All flashcards
Flashcard 1: What is the principal objective of the Chartist movement in Britain (1830s–1840s)?
Answer: Expanding political democracy, especially working-class male suffrage. Six-point charter demanded universal male suffrage and parliamentary reforms.
Flashcard 2: What is the main aim of the temperance movement in 19th-century Europe?
Answer: Reducing or banning alcohol to address social and family problems. Linked alcohol to poverty, domestic violence, and industrial accidents.
Flashcard 3: What is the primary goal of the abolitionist movement in the Atlantic world and Europe?
Answer: Ending slavery and the slave trade through law and moral reform. Combined religious conviction with economic arguments against human bondage.
Flashcard 4: What is feminism in 19th-century Europe primarily demanding in legal-political terms?
Answer: Expanded women’s rights, especially education, property rights, and suffrage. Challenged legal restrictions that denied women full citizenship and autonomy.
Flashcard 5: What is the “separate spheres” ideology in 19th-century bourgeois society?
Answer: Men in public work/politics; women in domestic and moral roles. Justified gender inequality as natural division suited to each sex's abilities.
Flashcard 6: What is the core principle of utilitarianism associated with Bentham and Mill?
Answer: Policies should maximize the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Judges actions by outcomes, not intentions or moral rules.
Flashcard 7: What is realism in mid-19th-century European art and literature primarily focused on depicting?
Answer: Everyday life and social conditions, especially of ordinary people. Rejected romantic idealization to show society's actual problems and conditions.
Flashcard 8: What is romanticism primarily a reaction against in late 18th- and 19th-century culture?
Answer: Enlightenment rationalism and industrial-era materialism. Emphasized emotion, nature, and imagination over reason and science.
Flashcard 9: What is anarchism as a political ideology in 19th-century Europe?
Answer: Rejection of the state; society organized through voluntary cooperation. Views all government as oppressive; advocates self-governing communities.
Flashcard 10: What is the key distinction between Marxism and utopian socialism?
Answer: Marxism stresses class conflict; utopians stress planned ideal communities. Marx emphasized inevitable revolution; utopians believed in peaceful reform.
Flashcard 11: What is Marxism’s central claim about how major historical change occurs?
Answer: Class struggle drives history toward revolution and a classless society. Marx argued economic systems create opposing classes that inevitably clash.
Flashcard 12: What is socialism in 19th-century Europe primarily concerned with changing?
Answer: Reducing inequality by reshaping property and industrial capitalism. Response to industrial capitalism's harsh conditions and wealth disparities.
Flashcard 13: Identify the ideology that argues the state should be abolished entirely.
Answer: Anarchism. Sees all forms of government as inherently coercive and unnecessary.
Flashcard 14: Identify the ideology most associated with restoring pre-revolutionary order after 1815.
Answer: Conservatism. Metternich system exemplified conservative restoration of monarchical authority.
Flashcard 15: Identify the ideology that most strongly supports laissez-faire and limited government.
Answer: Classical liberalism. Adam Smith's ideas shaped liberal opposition to government economic intervention.
Flashcard 16: What is the key difference between “civic” nationalism and “ethnic” nationalism?
Answer: Civic: shared laws/values; ethnic: shared ancestry, language, and culture. Civic unites through political participation; ethnic through blood and tradition.
Flashcard 17: What is the basic purpose of labor unions in industrializing Europe?
Answer: Collective bargaining to improve wages, hours, and working conditions. Workers organized to counter employers' power in industrial capitalism.
Flashcard 18: What is conservatism (post-1815) primarily designed to preserve in European society?
Answer: Traditional institutions: monarchy, church authority, and social hierarchy. Reaction to French Revolution's radical changes and Napoleon's disruptions.
Flashcard 19: What is nationalism as a 19th-century ideology, in its core political claim?
Answer: A people sharing identity should form a sovereign nation-state. Challenged multi-ethnic empires by linking cultural identity to political sovereignty.
Flashcard 20: What is liberalism in 19th-century Europe primarily associated with in politics and economics?
Answer: Individual rights, constitutional government, and free-market capitalism. Emerged from Enlightenment ideals opposing absolutism and mercantilism.
Flashcard 21: Identify the ideology that most directly supports protective tariffs to build national industry.
Answer: Economic nationalism. Protected domestic industries to strengthen national power.
Flashcard 22: What is Chartism in Britain primarily demanding?
Answer: Expanded male suffrage and political reform via the People’s Charter. Working-class movement for democratic rights in 1830s-40s.
Flashcard 23: What is classical liberalism in 19th-century Europe primarily associated with?
Answer: Individual rights, constitutional government, free markets. Emphasized personal freedom over state control and economic regulation.
Flashcard 24: What is conservatism (as defined after 1815) primarily aimed at preserving?
Answer: Traditional institutions, monarchy, established social order. Reaction against revolutionary change, favoring stability and tradition.
Flashcard 25: What is nationalism as a political ideology in 19th-century Europe?
Answer: Loyalty to a nation defined by shared culture, language, or history. Emerged from Romantic emphasis on folk culture and self-determination.
Flashcard 26: What is socialism in early 19th-century Europe primarily a critique of?
Answer: Industrial capitalism and unequal distribution of wealth. Responded to worker exploitation and poverty from industrialization.
Flashcard 27: What is communism as articulated by Marx and Engels in 1848?
Answer: Abolition of private property via proletarian revolution. Predicted inevitable overthrow of capitalism by workers.
Flashcard 28: What is the key distinction between utopian socialism and Marxist socialism?
Answer: Utopian: ideal communities; Marxist: class struggle and revolution. Utopians sought peaceful reform; Marx advocated violent overthrow.
Flashcard 29: What is the proletariat in Marxist theory?
Answer: The wage-earning working class that sells labor for wages. Marx saw them as the revolutionary force to overthrow capitalism.
Flashcard 30: What is the bourgeoisie in Marxist theory?
Answer: The capitalist class that owns the means of production. Marx identified them as exploiters of worker labor value.