All flashcards
Flashcard 1: What is a key feature of Mercantilism?
Answer: Government control of trade. State regulation to achieve favorable balance.
Flashcard 2: Identify a key principle of Enlightenment thought.
Answer: Reason and individualism. Emphasized logic and personal freedom.
Flashcard 3: What was the purpose of the Encyclopédie?
Answer: To compile knowledge and promote Enlightenment ideas. Spread Enlightenment through systematic organization.
Flashcard 4: What was the primary focus of Enlightenment salons?
Answer: Intellectual exchange. Elite gatherings spread new philosophical ideas.
Flashcard 5: What economic policy did Adam Smith advocate?
Answer: Laissez-faire. Government should not interfere with markets.
Flashcard 6: What did the Pragmatic Sanction aim to secure?
Answer: Maria Theresa's succession. Ensured female inheritance of Habsburg throne.
Flashcard 7: Which Enlightenment thinker promoted separation of powers?
Answer: Montesquieu. Advocated checks and balances in government.
Flashcard 8: What did the Pragmatic Sanction aim to secure?
Answer: Maria Theresa's succession. Ensured female inheritance of Habsburg throne.
Flashcard 9: Which monarch is known as the 'philosopher king'?
Answer: Frederick the Great. Prussian king who promoted Enlightenment ideals.
Flashcard 10: What is Enlightened Absolutism?
Answer: Monarchs implementing Enlightenment ideas while maintaining power. Combined rational reforms with absolute rule.
Flashcard 11: What was the main goal of the Congress of Vienna?
Answer: Restore balance of power in Europe. Prevented any nation from dominating Europe.
Flashcard 12: Name the treaty that ended the War of Austrian Succession.
Answer: Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. Concluded conflict over Austrian throne (1748).
Flashcard 13: What economic policy did Adam Smith advocate?
Answer: Laissez-faire. Government should not interfere with markets.
Flashcard 14: Name the document that limited the power of the English monarchy in 1689.
Answer: Bill of Rights. Guaranteed parliamentary control over monarchy.
Flashcard 15: Which philosopher's ideas influenced Enlightened Absolutism?
Answer: Voltaire. Promoted reason, tolerance, and reform ideas.
Flashcard 16: Identify a key result of the Glorious Revolution.
Answer: Constitutional monarchy established. Limited royal power through Parliament.
Flashcard 17: What is Voltaire best known for advocating?
Answer: Freedom of speech and religion. Defended civil liberties against oppression.
Flashcard 18: What did the Edict of Toleration in Austria accomplish?
Answer: Religious freedom for non-Catholics. Ended Catholic monopoly on worship.
Flashcard 19: Who is credited with the phrase 'I think, therefore I am'?
Answer: René Descartes. Founded modern philosophy on rational doubt.
Flashcard 20: Identify a major outcome of the Treaty of Westphalia.
Answer: End of the Thirty Years' War. Established principle of state sovereignty.
Flashcard 21: Name a cultural achievement of Louis XIV's reign.
Answer: Palace of Versailles. Symbol of absolute monarchy's grandeur.
Flashcard 22: What is the 'General Will' according to Rousseau?
Answer: Collective interest of the people. Democratic ideal beyond individual self-interest.
Flashcard 23: Who was the monarch during the Seven Years' War in Prussia?
Answer: Frederick the Great. Led Prussia in major European conflict.
Flashcard 24: Which ruler enacted the Charter of Nobility?
Answer: Catherine the Great. Formalized privileges of Russian nobility.
Flashcard 25: Identify one objective of the Enlightenment.
Answer: Progress and reform in society. Sought to improve human condition through reason.
Flashcard 26: What was the significance of the Edict of Nantes?
Answer: Granted religious freedom to Huguenots. Protected Protestant minority from persecution.
Flashcard 27: Who wrote 'The Wealth of Nations'?
Answer: Adam Smith. Father of modern economics and capitalism.
Flashcard 28: What was the primary aim of the Physiocrats?
Answer: Economic reform through agriculture. Believed land was source of all wealth.
Flashcard 29: Identify the main goal of Mercantilism.
Answer: Increase state wealth by maximizing exports. Accumulate gold and maintain trade surplus.
Flashcard 30: What was one result of the War of Spanish Succession?
Answer: Treaty of Utrecht. Ended French dominance under Louis XIV.