All flashcards
Flashcard 1: Which pact was formed as a counterpart to NATO by Eastern Bloc countries?
Answer: Warsaw Pact. Soviet-led military alliance of Eastern European communist states.
Flashcard 2: What is the term for the policy of openness and transparency in government institutions in the Soviet Union?
Answer: Glasnost. Openness policy allowing greater freedom of expression and information.
Flashcard 3: Identify the leader who initiated the Solidarity movement in Poland.
Answer: Lech Wałęsa. Trade union leader who challenged communist rule in the 1980s.
Flashcard 4: What was the main objective of the Maastricht Treaty in 1992?
Answer: To create the European Union. Established political and economic union with common currency.
Flashcard 5: Identify the British policy that sought to prevent war by making concessions to Hitler.
Answer: Appeasement. Policy of making concessions to avoid conflict, ultimately failed.
Flashcard 6: What event marked the beginning of World War I?
Answer: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The June 28, 1914 shooting in Sarajevo triggered the July Crisis and mobilization.
Flashcard 7: Which nation was primarily blamed for World War I in the Treaty of Versailles?
Answer: Germany. Article 231 (War Guilt Clause) assigned full responsibility to Germany.
Flashcard 8: What was the main purpose of the League of Nations?
Answer: To maintain world peace. Created to prevent future wars through collective security and diplomacy.
Flashcard 9: Name the ideology that emphasizes state control and nationalism, prominent in 20th century Europe.
Answer: Fascism. Authoritarian ideology emphasizing ultranationalism and dictatorial power.
Flashcard 10: Identify the leader of the Bolsheviks during the Russian Revolution.
Answer: Vladimir Lenin. Led the October Revolution and established the first communist state.
Flashcard 11: What major global conflict occurred between 1939 and 1945?
Answer: World War II. Began with Germany's invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939.
Flashcard 12: Which conference established the post-World War II order in Europe?
Answer: Yalta Conference. February 1945 meeting divided Germany and established spheres of influence.
Flashcard 13: Identify the policy aimed at preventing the spread of communism after World War II.
Answer: Containment. Truman Doctrine strategy to limit Soviet expansion during Cold War.
Flashcard 14: Who was the British Prime Minister during the majority of World War II?
Answer: Winston Churchill. Served from May 1940 to July 1945, leading Britain through the war.
Flashcard 15: What organization was created in 1945 to promote international cooperation?
Answer: United Nations. Replaced the League of Nations with broader membership and powers.
Flashcard 16: Identify the doctrine that justified Soviet intervention in other socialist countries.
Answer: Brezhnev Doctrine. Limited sovereignty doctrine justifying intervention in socialist states.
Flashcard 17: What was the primary economic plan for rebuilding Western Europe after World War II?
Answer: Marshall Plan. Provided $13 billion in aid to rebuild Western European economies.
Flashcard 18: Which city was divided into four sectors post-World War II?
Answer: Berlin. Split among American, British, French, and Soviet occupation zones.
Flashcard 19: Name the event where the US and USSR came closest to nuclear war during the Cold War.
Answer: Cuban Missile Crisis. October 1962 standoff over Soviet missiles in Cuba nearly caused war.
Flashcard 20: What was the primary purpose of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)?
Answer: Collective defense. Mutual defense alliance against Soviet threat in Europe.
Flashcard 21: Who became the first Chancellor of West Germany?
Answer: Konrad Adenauer. Led West Germany from 1949-1963, promoting European integration.
Flashcard 22: Which treaty in 1957 laid the foundation for the European Economic Community?
Answer: Treaty of Rome. Established the European Economic Community among six founding nations.
Flashcard 23: Identify the year the Berlin Wall fell.
Answer:
- November 9 symbolized end of Cold War division in Europe.
Flashcard 24: What process refers to the political and economic reforms in the Soviet Union under Gorbachev?
Answer: Perestroika. Restructuring policy aimed at revitalizing Soviet economy and politics.
Flashcard 25: Identify the conflict that marked the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s.
Answer: Bosnian War. Ethnic conflict following Slovenia and Croatia's independence declarations.
Flashcard 26: What was the significant economic problem faced by Germany in the 1920s?
Answer: Hyperinflation. Extreme inflation following WWI reparations and economic instability.
Flashcard 27: Which agreement in 1938 allowed Nazi Germany to annex the Sudetenland?
Answer: Munich Agreement. Chamberlain's appeasement policy allowing German territorial expansion.
Flashcard 28: What was the major economic crisis that began in 1929?
Answer: Great Depression. Global economic downturn triggered by stock market crash.
Flashcard 29: Identify the year the Soviet Union was officially dissolved.
Answer:
- Gorbachev's reforms led to dissolution on December 25.
Flashcard 30: Which European country experienced a peaceful revolution known as the Velvet Revolution?
Answer: Czechoslovakia. Peaceful transition from communism to democracy in November 1989.