All flashcards
Flashcard 1: Who was the first Prime Minister of Great Britain?
Answer: Sir Robert Walpole. Established parliamentary government system in constitutional monarchy.
Flashcard 2: Which 18th-century invention revolutionized the textile industry?
Answer: Spinning Jenny. Mechanized spinning process, increasing textile production efficiency.
Flashcard 3: What was the dominant political structure in 18th-century France?
Answer: Absolute Monarchy. Centralized royal power under Louis XIV's model of divine right.
Flashcard 4: Name the 18th-century movement that emphasized reason and science.
Answer: The Enlightenment. Promoted rational inquiry over traditional religious authority.
Flashcard 5: Which 18th-century war is known as the first 'world war'?
Answer: Seven Years' War. Fought across multiple continents involving major European powers.
Flashcard 6: Who was the first Prime Minister of Great Britain?
Answer: Sir Robert Walpole. Established parliamentary government system in constitutional monarchy.
Flashcard 7: Identify the author of 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman'.
Answer: Mary Wollstonecraft. Pioneered women's rights arguments during Enlightenment era.
Flashcard 8: Which philosopher advocated for the separation of powers in government?
Answer: Montesquieu. Influenced American constitution with executive, legislative, judicial branches.
Flashcard 9: Which event in 1789 marked the beginning of the French Revolution?
Answer: Storming of the Bastille. Symbolized popular uprising against royal tyranny and privilege.
Flashcard 10: Name the 18th-century war that was part of the Seven Years' War in North America.
Answer: French and Indian War. Colonial theater of global Seven Years' War between European powers.
Flashcard 11: What was the impact of the Enlightenment on 18th-century political thought?
Answer: Challenged absolute monarchy. Popular sovereignty and natural rights undermined divine right theory.
Flashcard 12: What was the significant effect of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century?
Answer: Urbanization. Factory system concentrated workers in cities, transforming society.
Flashcard 13: What economic theory did Adam Smith challenge in 'The Wealth of Nations'?
Answer: Mercantilism. Critiqued state intervention in favor of free market principles.
Flashcard 14: What was the primary language of the European Enlightenment?
Answer: French. Served as lingua franca for intellectual discourse across Europe.
Flashcard 15: Identify the 18th-century Prussian ruler known for military reforms.
Answer: Frederick the Great. Built Prussia into major European power through military innovation.
Flashcard 16: What was a major effect of the Agricultural Revolution in the 18th century?
Answer: Increased food production. Supported population growth and urbanization trends.
Flashcard 17: What did the Act of Union 1707 achieve?
Answer: Unified England and Scotland. Created Kingdom of Great Britain from separate nations.
Flashcard 18: What did the Enlightenment promote as a means of understanding the world?
Answer: Reason and scientific method. Rejected tradition and superstition in favor of empirical knowledge.
Flashcard 19: Which 18th-century economic policy favored a favorable balance of trade?
Answer: Mercantilism. Sought national wealth through export surplus and gold accumulation.
Flashcard 20: Name the 18th-century ruler known for the slogan 'Enlightened Absolutism'.
Answer: Catherine the Great. Combined absolute rule with Enlightenment reforms and religious tolerance.
Flashcard 21: What was the main focus of the Physiocrats' economic theory?
Answer: Agriculture. Believed agricultural productivity was the source of national wealth.
Flashcard 22: Identify the country that experienced a significant industrialization in the late 18th century.
Answer: Great Britain. Led early Industrial Revolution with textile and steam innovations.
Flashcard 23: Which 18th-century thinker is known for his work on political economy?
Answer: Adam Smith. Authored 'The Wealth of Nations' promoting free market economics.
Flashcard 24: Who is the Enlightenment thinker known for his criticism of religion?
Answer: Voltaire. Championed religious tolerance and freedom of speech.
Flashcard 25: What was the impact of the Enlightenment on the arts in the 18th century?
Answer: Neoclassicism. Revival of classical Greek and Roman artistic styles and themes.
Flashcard 26: What was the primary reason for the War of Austrian Succession?
Answer: Maria Theresa's right to the throne. European powers disputed Habsburg inheritance through female succession.
Flashcard 27: Which 18th-century ruler is known for modernizing Russia?
Answer: Peter the Great. Westernized Russia through military, administrative, and cultural reforms.
Flashcard 28: What was the primary goal of the Enlightenment?
Answer: To promote reason and individualism. Challenged traditional authority through rational thought and natural rights.
Flashcard 29: Identify the Enlightenment thinker who wrote 'The Social Contract'.
Answer: Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Advocated popular sovereignty and general will in political theory.
Flashcard 30: Which monarch is associated with the phrase 'I am the state'?
Answer: Louis XIV. Embodied absolute monarchy and divine right theory at Versailles.