All flashcards
Flashcard 1: Identify the author of 'Two Treatises of Government'.
Answer: John Locke. Argued against divine right and for natural rights.
Flashcard 2: Which scientist is associated with the development of calculus?
Answer: Isaac Newton. Co-invented with Leibniz for mathematical analysis.
Flashcard 3: Which Enlightenment thinker is known for his work on the Encyclopédie?
Answer: Denis Diderot. Compiled comprehensive reference work of Enlightenment knowledge.
Flashcard 4: Which Enlightenment philosopher advocated for the separation of powers?
Answer: Montesquieu. Proposed dividing government into legislative, executive, judicial branches.
Flashcard 5: Which philosopher wrote 'Critique of Pure Reason'?
Answer: Immanuel Kant. Examined limits and capabilities of human rational knowledge.
Flashcard 6: What did the Enlightenment emphasize in terms of human capability?
Answer: Reason and progress. Belief in human rational capacity for improvement and advancement.
Flashcard 7: Identify the scientist who discovered the moons of Jupiter.
Answer: Galileo Galilei. First to observe Jupiter's four largest moons telescopically.
Flashcard 8: Which scientist is associated with the development of calculus?
Answer: Isaac Newton. Co-invented with Leibniz for mathematical analysis.
Flashcard 9: Which philosopher wrote 'Critique of Pure Reason'?
Answer: Immanuel Kant. Examined limits and capabilities of human rational knowledge.
Flashcard 10: Identify the Enlightenment thinker who promoted the idea of 'tabula rasa'.
Answer: John Locke. Believed minds are blank slates shaped by experience.
Flashcard 11: What is the Enlightenment's view on traditional authority?
Answer: Skepticism. Questioned inherited customs and institutions using reason.
Flashcard 12: Who formulated the laws of motion in 'Principia Mathematica'?
Answer: Isaac Newton. Established mathematical principles governing physical motion.
Flashcard 13: Name the invention that greatly aided the Scientific Revolution.
Answer: Telescope. Enabled systematic observation of distant celestial objects.
Flashcard 14: What did the Enlightenment emphasize in terms of human capability?
Answer: Reason and progress. Belief in human rational capacity for improvement and advancement.
Flashcard 15: Identify the scientist who discovered the moons of Jupiter.
Answer: Galileo Galilei. First to observe Jupiter's four largest moons telescopically.
Flashcard 16: What did the Enlightenment challenge in terms of religious views?
Answer: Dogma. Questioned unquestioned religious doctrines and church authority.
Flashcard 17: Which Enlightenment philosopher advocated for the separation of powers?
Answer: Montesquieu. Proposed dividing government into legislative, executive, judicial branches.
Flashcard 18: Identify the scientist known for the law of planetary motion.
Answer: Johannes Kepler. Discovered planets move in elliptical, not circular orbits.
Flashcard 19: What was the impact of the printing press on the Enlightenment?
Answer: Spread of ideas. Enabled rapid dissemination of new scientific and philosophical ideas.
Flashcard 20: Name the Enlightenment thinker who supported religious tolerance.
Answer: Voltaire. Opposed religious persecution and promoted religious freedom.
Flashcard 21: Who is credited with the discovery of the circulation of blood?
Answer: William Harvey. Demonstrated heart pumps blood through body systematically.
Flashcard 22: Which Enlightenment thinker is known for the principle 'I think, therefore I am'?
Answer: René Descartes. Established foundation for rational, systematic philosophical inquiry.
Flashcard 23: Identify the thinker who argued for checks and balances in government.
Answer: Montesquieu. Prevent tyranny through balanced governmental power distribution.
Flashcard 24: What principle did Copernicus challenge with his heliocentric model?
Answer: Geocentrism. Replaced Earth-centered universe with sun-centered model.
Flashcard 25: Which Enlightenment thinker is known for his work on the Encyclopédie?
Answer: Denis Diderot. Compiled comprehensive reference work of Enlightenment knowledge.
Flashcard 26: What does the term 'Enlightenment' refer to in European history?
Answer: 18th-century intellectual movement. Period emphasizing reason, science, and human progress.
Flashcard 27: Name the Enlightenment thinker who influenced the U.S. Declaration of Independence.
Answer: John Locke. Natural rights theory shaped American revolutionary ideals.
Flashcard 28: Which scientist's work laid the foundation for modern physics?
Answer: Isaac Newton. Mathematical laws describing motion and gravitational forces.
Flashcard 29: Identify the Enlightenment figure who advocated for freedom of speech.
Answer: Voltaire. Defended expression of ideas against censorship and persecution.
Flashcard 30: What is the main focus of Enlightenment thought?
Answer: Reason and individualism. Core principles challenging traditional authority and superstition.