AP European History Flashcards: Contextualizing The Scientific Revolution And Enlightenment

What this deck covers

This deck focuses on Contextualizing The Scientific Revolution And Enlightenment, giving you a quick way to review the definitions, rules, and examples that matter most for AP European History.

How to use these flashcards

Work through these flashcards in short sessions. Try to answer each prompt before flipping the card, then revisit any cards you miss until the explanation feels automatic.

Flashcard 1: What principle did Copernicus challenge with his heliocentric model?

Answer: Geocentrism. Replaced Earth-centered universe with sun-centered model.

Flashcard 2: Who is credited with the discovery of the circulation of blood?

Answer: William Harvey. Demonstrated heart pumps blood through body systematically.

Flashcard 3: Which philosopher wrote 'Critique of Pure Reason'?

Answer: Immanuel Kant. Examined limits and capabilities of human rational knowledge.

Flashcard 4: Name the work by Isaac Newton that outlines the laws of motion.

Answer: Principia Mathematica. Mathematical foundation for classical mechanics and physics.

Flashcard 5: Identify the Enlightenment thinker who promoted the idea of 'tabula rasa'.

Answer: John Locke. Believed minds are blank slates shaped by experience.

Flashcard 6: Which Enlightenment thinker is known for the concept of the social contract?

Answer: Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Argued government legitimacy comes from people's consent.

Flashcard 7: Which scientist is associated with the development of calculus?

Answer: Isaac Newton. Co-invented with Leibniz for mathematical analysis.

Flashcard 8: Which Enlightenment thinker is known for the principle 'I think, therefore I am'?

Answer: René Descartes. Established foundation for rational, systematic philosophical inquiry.

Flashcard 9: Which Enlightenment thinker is known for the principle 'I think, therefore I am'?

Answer: René Descartes. Established foundation for rational, systematic philosophical inquiry.

Flashcard 10: What did the Enlightenment challenge in terms of religious views?

Answer: Dogma. Questioned unquestioned religious doctrines and church authority.

Flashcard 11: What is the term for the 18th-century intellectuals who promoted progress and reason?

Answer: Philosophes. French Enlightenment writers promoting rational reform.

Flashcard 12: Which Enlightenment thinker is known for his work on the Encyclopédie?

Answer: Denis Diderot. Compiled comprehensive reference work of Enlightenment knowledge.

Flashcard 13: Identify the thinker who argued for checks and balances in government.

Answer: Montesquieu. Prevent tyranny through balanced governmental power distribution.

Flashcard 14: Who wrote 'Candide', a satire critiquing optimism and society?

Answer: Voltaire. Satirized philosophical optimism and social injustices.

Flashcard 15: Name the Enlightenment thinker who influenced the U.S. Declaration of Independence.

Answer: John Locke. Natural rights theory shaped American revolutionary ideals.

Flashcard 16: Name the Enlightenment thinker who supported religious tolerance.

Answer: Voltaire. Opposed religious persecution and promoted religious freedom.

Flashcard 17: What was the primary method used by Enlightenment thinkers to discover truth?

Answer: Scientific Method. Systematic observation and experimentation to test hypotheses.

Flashcard 18: Who is credited with the discovery of the circulation of blood?

Answer: William Harvey. Demonstrated heart pumps blood through body systematically.

Flashcard 19: What did the Enlightenment challenge in terms of religious views?

Answer: Dogma. Questioned unquestioned religious doctrines and church authority.

Flashcard 20: Which Enlightenment thinker is associated with the idea of economic liberalism?

Answer: Adam Smith. Advocated free markets and minimal government intervention.

Flashcard 21: What is the term for the 18th-century intellectuals who promoted progress and reason?

Answer: Philosophes. French Enlightenment writers promoting rational reform.

Flashcard 22: Which scientist's work laid the foundation for modern physics?

Answer: Isaac Newton. Mathematical laws describing motion and gravitational forces.

Flashcard 23: What concept did Mary Wollstonecraft advocate for in 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman'?

Answer: Women's equality. Early feminist arguing women deserve equal education and rights.

Flashcard 24: Identify the Enlightenment figure who advocated for freedom of speech.

Answer: Voltaire. Defended expression of ideas against censorship and persecution.

Flashcard 25: Name the Enlightenment thinker who supported religious tolerance.

Answer: Voltaire. Opposed religious persecution and promoted religious freedom.

Flashcard 26: What is Voltaire known for criticizing during the Enlightenment?

Answer: The Church. Advocated religious tolerance and opposed Church authority.

Flashcard 27: Name the work by Isaac Newton that outlines the laws of motion.

Answer: Principia Mathematica. Mathematical foundation for classical mechanics and physics.

Flashcard 28: What was the primary method used by Enlightenment thinkers to discover truth?

Answer: Scientific Method. Systematic observation and experimentation to test hypotheses.

Flashcard 29: Which Enlightenment thinker is known for his work on the Encyclopédie?

Answer: Denis Diderot. Compiled comprehensive reference work of Enlightenment knowledge.

Flashcard 30: Identify the mathematician and astronomer who improved the telescope.

Answer: Galileo Galilei. Enhanced telescope to study celestial objects systematically.

Flashcard 31: Who wrote 'Candide', a satire critiquing optimism and society?

Answer: Voltaire. Satirized philosophical optimism and social injustices.

Flashcard 32: Name the invention that greatly aided the Scientific Revolution.

Answer: Telescope. Enabled systematic observation of distant celestial objects.

Flashcard 33: What principle did Copernicus challenge with his heliocentric model?

Answer: Geocentrism. Replaced Earth-centered universe with sun-centered model.

Flashcard 34: Identify the heliocentric model's proponent during the Scientific Revolution.

Answer: Nicolaus Copernicus. Proposed sun-centered solar system, challenging geocentric views.

Flashcard 35: Which Enlightenment philosopher advocated for the separation of powers?

Answer: Montesquieu. Proposed dividing government into legislative, executive, judicial branches.

Flashcard 36: Identify the scientist known for the law of planetary motion.

Answer: Johannes Kepler. Discovered planets move in elliptical, not circular orbits.

Flashcard 37: Which philosopher wrote 'Critique of Pure Reason'?

Answer: Immanuel Kant. Examined limits and capabilities of human rational knowledge.

Flashcard 38: Identify the author of 'Two Treatises of Government'.

Answer: John Locke. Argued against divine right and for natural rights.

Flashcard 39: Which Enlightenment thinker is associated with the idea of economic liberalism?

Answer: Adam Smith. Advocated free markets and minimal government intervention.

Flashcard 40: Name the invention that greatly aided the Scientific Revolution.

Answer: Telescope. Enabled systematic observation of distant celestial objects.

Flashcard 41: What did the Enlightenment emphasize in terms of human capability?

Answer: Reason and progress. Belief in human rational capacity for improvement and advancement.

Flashcard 42: What is the main focus of Enlightenment thought?

Answer: Reason and individualism. Core principles challenging traditional authority and superstition.

Flashcard 43: What is the Enlightenment's view on traditional authority?

Answer: Skepticism. Questioned inherited customs and institutions using reason.

Flashcard 44: Identify the author of 'Two Treatises of Government'.

Answer: John Locke. Argued against divine right and for natural rights.

Flashcard 45: What did the Enlightenment emphasize in terms of human capability?

Answer: Reason and progress. Belief in human rational capacity for improvement and advancement.

Flashcard 46: Which Enlightenment thinker is known for the concept of the social contract?

Answer: Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Argued government legitimacy comes from people's consent.

Flashcard 47: Which book by Thomas Hobbes describes life in a state of nature?

Answer: Leviathan. Described life without government as brutish and short.

Flashcard 48: What concept did Mary Wollstonecraft advocate for in 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman'?

Answer: Women's equality. Early feminist arguing women deserve equal education and rights.

Flashcard 49: What was the impact of the printing press on the Enlightenment?

Answer: Spread of ideas. Enabled rapid dissemination of new scientific and philosophical ideas.

Flashcard 50: What is Voltaire known for criticizing during the Enlightenment?

Answer: The Church. Advocated religious tolerance and opposed Church authority.

Flashcard 51: Name the scientist who formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation.

Answer: Isaac Newton. Unified celestial and terrestrial mechanics in one theory.

Flashcard 52: Name the concept that suggests individuals can improve through education.

Answer: Perfectibility. Belief that humans can improve through rational education.

Flashcard 53: Who formulated the laws of motion in 'Principia Mathematica'?

Answer: Isaac Newton. Established mathematical principles governing physical motion.

Flashcard 54: Identify the scientist who discovered the moons of Jupiter.

Answer: Galileo Galilei. First to observe Jupiter's four largest moons telescopically.

Flashcard 55: Identify the scientist who discovered the moons of Jupiter.

Answer: Galileo Galilei. First to observe Jupiter's four largest moons telescopically.

Flashcard 56: Identify the Enlightenment figure who advocated for freedom of speech.

Answer: Voltaire. Defended expression of ideas against censorship and persecution.

Flashcard 57: What is the main focus of Enlightenment thought?

Answer: Reason and individualism. Core principles challenging traditional authority and superstition.

Flashcard 58: Name the scientist who formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation.

Answer: Isaac Newton. Unified celestial and terrestrial mechanics in one theory.

Flashcard 59: What does the term 'Enlightenment' refer to in European history?

Answer: 18th-century intellectual movement. Period emphasizing reason, science, and human progress.

Flashcard 60: What was the primary intellectual movement during the Enlightenment?

Answer: Rationalism. Emphasized reason and logic over tradition and superstition.

Flashcard 61: Identify the thinker who argued for checks and balances in government.

Answer: Montesquieu. Prevent tyranny through balanced governmental power distribution.

Flashcard 62: What was the impact of the printing press on the Enlightenment?

Answer: Spread of ideas. Enabled rapid dissemination of new scientific and philosophical ideas.

Flashcard 63: Name the concept that suggests individuals can improve through education.

Answer: Perfectibility. Belief that humans can improve through rational education.

Flashcard 64: Identify the scientist known for the law of planetary motion.

Answer: Johannes Kepler. Discovered planets move in elliptical, not circular orbits.

Flashcard 65: Who published 'The Starry Messenger' in 1610, supporting heliocentric views?

Answer: Galileo Galilei. First telescopic observations of celestial bodies.

Flashcard 66: What is the Enlightenment's view on traditional authority?

Answer: Skepticism. Questioned inherited customs and institutions using reason.

Flashcard 67: Which scientist's work laid the foundation for modern physics?

Answer: Isaac Newton. Mathematical laws describing motion and gravitational forces.

Flashcard 68: Who formulated the laws of motion in 'Principia Mathematica'?

Answer: Isaac Newton. Established mathematical principles governing physical motion.

Flashcard 69: What does the term 'Enlightenment' refer to in European history?

Answer: 18th-century intellectual movement. Period emphasizing reason, science, and human progress.

Flashcard 70: Which scientist is associated with the development of calculus?

Answer: Isaac Newton. Co-invented with Leibniz for mathematical analysis.

Flashcard 71: Identify the heliocentric model's proponent during the Scientific Revolution.

Answer: Nicolaus Copernicus. Proposed sun-centered solar system, challenging geocentric views.

Flashcard 72: Who published 'The Starry Messenger' in 1610, supporting heliocentric views?

Answer: Galileo Galilei. First telescopic observations of celestial bodies.

Flashcard 73: Identify the mathematician and astronomer who improved the telescope.

Answer: Galileo Galilei. Enhanced telescope to study celestial objects systematically.

Flashcard 74: Which Enlightenment philosopher advocated for the separation of powers?

Answer: Montesquieu. Proposed dividing government into legislative, executive, judicial branches.

Flashcard 75: What was the primary intellectual movement during the Enlightenment?

Answer: Rationalism. Emphasized reason and logic over tradition and superstition.

Flashcard 76: Name the Enlightenment thinker who influenced the U.S. Declaration of Independence.

Answer: John Locke. Natural rights theory shaped American revolutionary ideals.

Flashcard 77: Identify the Enlightenment thinker who promoted the idea of 'tabula rasa'.

Answer: John Locke. Believed minds are blank slates shaped by experience.