All flashcards
Flashcard 1: Identify the document advocating for workers' rights written in 1848.
Answer: The Communist Manifesto. Marx and Engels' call for worker revolution against capitalism.
Flashcard 2: Which social theory arose in response to industrial worker conditions?
Answer: Socialism. Advocated collective ownership to address worker exploitation.
Flashcard 3: Which social class expanded due to industrialization?
Answer: Middle class. Factory owners and skilled workers formed this growing social group.
Flashcard 4: Name the financial institution that expanded to support industrial ventures.
Answer: Banks. Financial institutions provided capital for industrial investment.
Flashcard 5: Name the process of developing industries in a country or region.
Answer: Industrialization. Shift from agriculture to machine-based manufacturing economy.
Flashcard 6: Which social class benefited most from industrialization?
Answer: Bourgeoisie. Middle-class capitalists who owned factories and businesses.
Flashcard 7: What was the main focus of the Luddites' protests?
Answer: Opposition to machinery. Workers destroyed machines they blamed for unemployment.
Flashcard 8: Which innovation improved the efficiency of weaving textiles?
Answer: Power loom. Mechanized weaving, replacing slower hand-operated looms.
Flashcard 9: What was the primary source of labor in factories during industrialization?
Answer: Factory workers. Former agricultural workers became the new industrial workforce.
Flashcard 10: What was a significant environmental impact of industrialization?
Answer: Pollution. Coal burning and industrial waste contaminated air and water.
Flashcard 11: What was the primary goal of the Chartist movement in Britain?
Answer: Political reform. Working-class movement demanding democratic electoral reforms.
Flashcard 12: Which social class benefited most from industrialization?
Answer: Bourgeoisie. Middle-class capitalists who owned factories and businesses.
Flashcard 13: What was a common health issue for workers in factories?
Answer: Respiratory diseases. Poor air quality in factories caused widespread lung problems.
Flashcard 14: Name the financial institution that expanded to support industrial ventures.
Answer: Banks. Financial institutions provided capital for industrial investment.
Flashcard 15: Identify the philosopher who critiqued capitalism in 'Das Kapital.'
Answer: Karl Marx. German philosopher who analyzed capitalism's effects on workers.
Flashcard 16: What was the primary agricultural change during the Industrial Revolution?
Answer: Enclosure movement. Consolidated small farms into larger, more efficient agricultural units.
Flashcard 17: What was a significant environmental impact of industrialization?
Answer: Pollution. Coal burning and industrial waste contaminated air and water.
Flashcard 18: Name the process of developing industries in a country or region.
Answer: Industrialization. Shift from agriculture to machine-based manufacturing economy.
Flashcard 19: What term describes the division of labor into specific tasks in factories?
Answer: Specialization. Workers focused on specific tasks to increase production efficiency.
Flashcard 20: Identify the invention that revolutionized communication in the 19th century.
Answer: Telegraph. Enabled instant long-distance communication via electrical signals.
Flashcard 21: Which innovation improved the efficiency of weaving textiles?
Answer: Power loom. Mechanized weaving, replacing slower hand-operated looms.
Flashcard 22: What was the primary source of labor in factories during industrialization?
Answer: Factory workers. Former agricultural workers became the new industrial workforce.
Flashcard 23: Identify the period characterized by rapid industrial growth in the 19th century.
Answer: Second Industrial Revolution. Phase featuring electricity, steel, and chemical industries.
Flashcard 24: Identify the labor organization formed to protect workers' rights.
Answer: Trade unions. Worker organizations formed to negotiate for better conditions.
Flashcard 25: Which country's unification in 1871 was influenced by industrialization?
Answer: Germany. Industrial strength enabled political consolidation under Prussian leadership.
Flashcard 26: Name the process of improving road surfaces during industrialization.
Answer: Macadamization. Method using crushed stone for smoother, durable road surfaces.
Flashcard 27: What was the main focus of the Luddites' protests?
Answer: Opposition to machinery. Workers destroyed machines they blamed for unemployment.
Flashcard 28: What invention by James Watt significantly advanced the Industrial Revolution?
Answer: Steam engine. Improved efficiency dramatically, making steam power widely practical.
Flashcard 29: Identify the country where the Industrial Revolution began.
Answer: Great Britain. Had natural resources, capital, and favorable geography for early industry.
Flashcard 30: What was the primary energy source during the early Industrial Revolution?
Answer: Coal. Abundant and easily mined, coal powered steam engines and factories.