All flashcards
Flashcard 1: Who wrote 'Das Kapital', critiquing the capitalist system?
Answer: Karl Marx. Analyzed capitalism's contradictions and predicted its eventual collapse.
Flashcard 2: Identify the 19th-century French leader who established the Second Empire.
Answer: Napoleon III. Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte ruled France as authoritarian emperor 1852-1870.
Flashcard 3: What was the main outcome of the Congress of Berlin (1878)?
Answer: Reorganization of Balkan territories. Reduced Russian influence and created new independent Balkan states.
Flashcard 4: Which movement aimed to end slavery in the 19th century?
Answer: Abolitionism. Moral and political campaign against human bondage and forced labor.
Flashcard 5: What ideology is characterized by the belief in class struggle?
Answer: Marxism. Theory that history progresses through conflicts between social classes.
Flashcard 6: Identify the 19th-century conflict fought over control of the Crimean Peninsula.
Answer: Crimean War. Exposed Ottoman weakness and shifted European balance toward Russia.
Flashcard 7: Who wrote 'Das Kapital', critiquing the capitalist system?
Answer: Karl Marx. Analyzed capitalism's contradictions and predicted its eventual collapse.
Flashcard 8: Which 19th-century economic theory promotes free-market principles?
Answer: Classical economics. Smith and Ricardo advocated minimal government intervention in markets.
Flashcard 9: Name the 19th-century campaign to improve conditions for workers.
Answer: Labor movement. Organized workers to demand better wages, hours, and working conditions.
Flashcard 10: Identify the 19th-century policy of protecting domestic industries through tariffs.
Answer: Protectionism. High import duties shielded national industries from foreign competition.
Flashcard 11: Which 19th-century ideology advocated for a classless society?
Answer: Communism. Envisioned society without private property or social class divisions.
Flashcard 12: What was the primary aim of the feminist movement in the 19th century?
Answer: Women's suffrage and rights. Campaigned for legal equality and political participation for women.
Flashcard 13: What term describes the 19th-century belief in the superiority of one's own nation?
Answer: Chauvinism. Extreme patriotism often accompanied by hostility toward other nations.
Flashcard 14: Who was the 19th-century philosopher that influenced communism with his ideas?
Answer: Karl Marx. Developed historical materialism and critique of capitalist economic systems.
Flashcard 15: Which 19th-century agreement divided Africa among European powers?
Answer: Berlin Conference. 1884-1885 meeting established rules for European colonization of Africa.
Flashcard 16: What was the primary cause of the Irish Potato Famine in the 19th century?
Answer: Potato blight. Fungal disease destroyed potato crops, causing mass starvation and emigration.
Flashcard 17: Identify the 19th-century cultural movement focused on nature and emotion.
Answer: Romanticism. Emphasized individual expression, natural beauty, and emotional authenticity.
Flashcard 18: What ideology emphasizes the importance of tradition and social stability?
Answer: Conservatism. Prioritizes established institutions and gradual change over radical reform.
Flashcard 19: Identify the 19th-century movement advocating for workers' rights and social equality.
Answer: Socialism. Emerged from industrial working class struggles and economic inequality.
Flashcard 20: Which 19th-century ideology sought to unify people with common cultural traits?
Answer: Nationalism. Promoted shared language, history, and culture as basis for political unity.
Flashcard 21: What term describes the belief in minimal government interference in the economy?
Answer: Laissez-faire. Adam Smith's principle allowing market forces to operate without regulation.
Flashcard 22: Name the 19th-century political doctrine that opposed revolutionary change.
Answer: Conservatism. Favored monarchy, church, and aristocracy against liberal and radical ideas.
Flashcard 23: Which 19th-century movement focused on individual rights and freedoms?
Answer: Liberalism. Championed constitutional government, civil liberties, and economic freedom.
Flashcard 24: What was the main goal of the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)?
Answer: Restore balance of power in Europe. Prevented any single power from dominating Europe after Napoleon's defeat.
Flashcard 25: Who was a prominent figure in the Italian unification movement?
Answer: Giuseppe Garibaldi. Led military campaigns that unified southern Italy under Sardinia-Piedmont.
Flashcard 26: Identify the 19th-century war that led to the unification of Germany.
Answer: Franco-Prussian War. Prussian victory created conditions for German states to unite under Prussia.
Flashcard 27: What ideology is characterized by the belief in class struggle?
Answer: Marxism. Theory that history progresses through conflicts between social classes.
Flashcard 28: Which document, published in 1848, called for the overthrow of capitalist societies?
Answer: The Communist Manifesto. Marx and Engels outlined revolutionary program for working class revolution.
Flashcard 29: Identify the 19th-century conflict fought over control of the Crimean Peninsula.
Answer: Crimean War. Exposed Ottoman weakness and shifted European balance toward Russia.
Flashcard 30: What term describes the policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization?
Answer: Imperialism. European powers competed for overseas territories and economic dominance.