All flashcards
Flashcard 1: Identify the 18th-century battle that marked a turning point in the American Revolution.
Answer: The Battle of Saratoga. American victory convinced France to join the war.
Flashcard 2: What was the impact of the Agricultural Revolution in the 18th century?
Answer: Increased food production. New crops and techniques supported population growth.
Flashcard 3: Which 18th-century war was concluded by the Treaty of Paris in 1763?
Answer: The Seven Years' War. Global conflict between Britain and France over colonial dominance.
Flashcard 4: Name the 18th-century event that marked the beginning of the French Revolution.
Answer: The Storming of the Bastille. Symbolic attack on royal authority launched the revolution.
Flashcard 5: Which Enlightenment thinker proposed the separation of powers?
Answer: Montesquieu. Advocated dividing government into legislative, executive, and judicial branches.
Flashcard 6: Which 18th-century invention significantly impacted the textile industry?
Answer: The spinning jenny. Mechanized spinning increased textile production efficiency dramatically.
Flashcard 7: Name the 18th-century event that marked the beginning of the French Revolution.
Answer: The Storming of the Bastille. Symbolic attack on royal authority launched the revolution.
Flashcard 8: What was the primary effect of the Treaty of Paris (1783)?
Answer: Recognized American independence. Britain formally acknowledged the United States as sovereign.
Flashcard 9: Which treaty ended the War of Spanish Succession in 1713?
Answer: The Treaty of Utrecht. Established peace after Louis XIV's expansionist wars failed.
Flashcard 10: Identify the economic theory that dominated 18th-century European policies.
Answer: Mercantilism. Emphasized maximizing exports and minimizing imports for national wealth.
Flashcard 11: Which 18th-century ruler is associated with the phrase 'Enlightened Despotism'?
Answer: Frederick the Great. Combined absolute rule with Enlightenment reforms in Prussia.
Flashcard 12: What was the dominant political system in 18th-century Europe?
Answer: Absolute monarchy. Monarchs held unlimited power over their subjects and territories.
Flashcard 13: Which 18th-century figure is known as the 'Father of Modern Chemistry'?
Answer: Antoine Lavoisier. Revolutionized chemistry through systematic experimentation and nomenclature.
Flashcard 14: What was the primary focus of Voltaire's writings in the 18th century?
Answer: Critique of intolerance and dogma. Advocated religious tolerance and attacked institutional superstition.
Flashcard 15: Name the 18th-century event that led to the end of absolute monarchy in France.
Answer: The French Revolution. Popular uprising overthrew the ancien régime permanently.
Flashcard 16: Which 18th-century economic theory emphasized free markets?
Answer: Classical economics. Adam Smith advocated laissez-faire capitalism over mercantilism.
Flashcard 17: Name the 18th-century ruler known for the Partitions of Poland.
Answer: Catherine the Great. Led the division of Poland among Prussia, Austria, and Russia.
Flashcard 18: Identify the 18th-century war that resulted in the Treaty of Hubertusburg.
Answer: The Seven Years' War. Confirmed Prussia's retention of Silesia from Austria.
Flashcard 19: What was the primary aim of the Physiocrats in 18th-century France?
Answer: Economic reform. Believed agriculture was the source of all wealth.
Flashcard 20: Which 18th-century conflict saw the rise of the British Empire's naval power?
Answer: The Seven Years' War. British naval victories secured global maritime supremacy.
Flashcard 21: Identify the 18th-century ruler associated with the Pragmatic Sanction.
Answer: Charles VI. Attempted to secure his daughter Maria Theresa's succession.
Flashcard 22: What was the primary goal of the Enlightenment's Encyclopédie?
Answer: Collect and disseminate knowledge. Compiled all human knowledge to spread Enlightenment ideas.
Flashcard 23: Which 18th-century document declared 'all men are created equal'?
Answer: The Declaration of Independence. Proclaimed natural rights and justified revolution against tyranny.
Flashcard 24: What was the primary goal of mercantilist policies in the 18th century?
Answer: Increase national wealth. Achieved through favorable trade balance and colonial exploitation.
Flashcard 25: Which country experienced the 'Glorious Revolution' in 1688, impacting the 18th century?
Answer: England. Established constitutional monarchy and limited royal power.
Flashcard 26: Name the 18th-century philosopher known for 'The Social Contract'.
Answer: Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Argued that legitimate government derives from popular consent.
Flashcard 27: Identify the 18th-century ruler known for the expansion of Russia.
Answer: Catherine the Great. Extended Russian territory through conquest and diplomacy.
Flashcard 28: Which Enlightenment thinker proposed the separation of powers?
Answer: Montesquieu. Advocated dividing government into legislative, executive, and judicial branches.
Flashcard 29: What was the primary purpose of the Grand Tour in the 18th century?
Answer: Cultural education. Wealthy youth traveled Europe to study art, culture, and politics.
Flashcard 30: Name the major 18th-century event that led to American independence.
Answer: The American Revolution. Colonial revolt against British taxation and political control.