All flashcards
Flashcard 1: Which 16th-century event led to a major schism in Christianity?
Answer: The Protestant Reformation. Luther's 95 Theses sparked religious revolution across Europe.
Flashcard 2: Name the conflict also known as the Eighty Years' War.
Answer: The Dutch War of Independence. Netherlands fought for independence from Spanish rule.
Flashcard 3: Which economic theory dominated European policies in the 16th century?
Answer: Mercantilism. Emphasized accumulating gold, favorable trade balance.
Flashcard 4: Name the Italian scientist who supported heliocentrism.
Answer: Galileo Galilei. Used telescope observations to support Copernican theory.
Flashcard 5: What was the primary goal of the Protestant Reformation?
Answer: To reform the practices and beliefs of the Catholic Church. Led by Luther, Calvin, and others challenging Catholic authority.
Flashcard 6: Name the English philosopher who advocated for empiricism.
Answer: Francis Bacon. Promoted scientific method based on observation and experiment.
Flashcard 7: What was the primary goal of the Catholic Counter-Reformation?
Answer: To reform the Church and counter Protestant growth. Council of Trent and Jesuits led Catholic revival.
Flashcard 8: Identify the architect of St. Peter's Basilica dome.
Answer: Michelangelo. Renaissance architect designed iconic Vatican dome structure.
Flashcard 9: What was the main purpose of the Spanish Armada?
Answer: To invade England and overthrow Queen Elizabeth I. Philip II sought to restore Catholic rule in England.
Flashcard 10: What was the main focus of Baroque art?
Answer: Dramatic expression and grandeur. Catholic Counter-Reformation artistic style emphasized emotion.
Flashcard 11: Name the English philosopher who advocated for empiricism.
Answer: Francis Bacon. Promoted scientific method based on observation and experiment.
Flashcard 12: Identify the first permanent English settlement in America.
Answer: Jamestown. Virginia Company established 1607 colonial foothold.
Flashcard 13: Name the ruler who led the Dutch Revolt against Spain.
Answer: William of Orange. Silent Prince led resistance against Spanish Habsburg rule.
Flashcard 14: Which treaty marked the end of the Eighty Years' War?
Answer: The Treaty of Münster. Part of Peace of Westphalia recognizing Dutch independence.
Flashcard 15: Identify the year the English Civil War began.
Answer:
- Parliament versus King Charles I over royal prerogatives.
Flashcard 16: What was the primary goal of the Catholic Counter-Reformation?
Answer: To reform the Church and counter Protestant growth. Council of Trent and Jesuits led Catholic revival.
Flashcard 17: Identify the architect of St. Peter's Basilica dome.
Answer: Michelangelo. Renaissance architect designed iconic Vatican dome structure.
Flashcard 18: Name the 17th-century philosopher who wrote 'Leviathan'.
Answer: Thomas Hobbes. Political theorist advocated for absolute sovereign power.
Flashcard 19: What was the primary purpose of the Spanish Inquisition?
Answer: To maintain Catholic orthodoxy in Spain. Targeted Muslims, Jews, and suspected heretics systematically.
Flashcard 20: Which country experienced the Glorious Revolution in 1688?
Answer: England. William of Orange replaced Catholic James II peacefully.
Flashcard 21: Identify the artist known for the painting 'The Last Supper'.
Answer: Leonardo da Vinci. High Renaissance master painted Milan monastery masterpiece.
Flashcard 22: What was the main outcome of the Glorious Revolution?
Answer: The establishment of constitutional monarchy in England. Parliamentary sovereignty replaced absolute royal power permanently.
Flashcard 23: Which event in 1649 marked the execution of a king in England?
Answer: The execution of Charles I. Parliamentary victory in English Civil War established precedent.
Flashcard 24: What was the primary goal of the Protestant Reformation?
Answer: To reform the practices and beliefs of the Catholic Church. Led by Luther, Calvin, and others challenging Catholic authority.
Flashcard 25: Identify the year the Spanish Armada was defeated.
Answer:
- Philip II's fleet defeated by English navy and storms.
Flashcard 26: Name the Italian scientist who supported heliocentrism.
Answer: Galileo Galilei. Used telescope observations to support Copernican theory.
Flashcard 27: What was the Edict of Nantes issued in 1598?
Answer: It granted religious toleration to Huguenots in France. Henry IV's compromise ending French Wars of Religion.
Flashcard 28: Which ruler is known for the establishment of the Anglican Church?
Answer: Henry VIII. Broke from Rome to annul marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
Flashcard 29: Identify the event that marked the end of the Tudor dynasty.
Answer: The death of Elizabeth I in 1603. Last Tudor monarch died childless, succeeded by Stuarts.
Flashcard 30: Name the painter known for works like 'The Night Watch'.
Answer: Rembrandt van Rijn. Dutch Golden Age master of light and shadow.