Contemporary Western Democracies - AP European History

Maastricht Treaty. Transformed the European Community into the EU.

Parliamentary republic. President is ceremonial; PM holds executive power.

France. Combines presidential and parliamentary elements.

Human Rights Act 1998. Incorporates European Convention rights into UK law.

1. Year the EU was formally established.

Sets EU's political agenda. Provides strategic direction for EU policies.

Monetary policy. Controls interest rates and money supply for the eurozone.

1. Joined the EEC under Edward Heath's government.

European Court of Justice. Interprets EU law and ensures member state compliance.

1. Marked the end of the Cold War and German division.

European Union. Political and economic union of 27 member states.

Germany. Power is divided between federal and state levels.

Treaty of Paris. Created the first European economic integration in 1951.

Germany. Power is divided between federal and state levels.

Brexit. UK voted to leave the European Union.

Maastricht Treaty. Transformed the European Community into the EU.

Multi-party system. Allows multiple political parties to compete for power.

France. Combines presidential and parliamentary elements.

Parliamentary republic. President is ceremonial; PM holds executive power.

Charles de Gaulle. Established the current French political system.

Basic Law. Serves as Germany's constitutional framework since 1949.

Separation of powers. Prevents concentration of power in one branch.

Angela Merkel. Led Germany for 16 years through major crises.

Multi-party system. Allows multiple political parties to compete for power.

Parliament. Houses the House of Commons and House of Lords.

Charles de Gaulle. Established the current French political system.

Executive branch. Acts as the EU's executive arm implementing policy.

Charles de Gaulle. Established the current French political system.

Basic Law. Serves as Germany's constitutional framework since 1949.