All flashcards
Flashcard 1: Who developed the laws of planetary motion?
Answer: Johannes Kepler. Proved planets follow elliptical orbits, not perfect circles.
Flashcard 2: What was Voltaire's stance on religion?
Answer: He advocated for religious tolerance. Opposed religious persecution and promoted freedom of belief.
Flashcard 3: What is empiricism?
Answer: Knowledge through sensory experience. Opposed rationalism that relied on innate ideas and logic.
Flashcard 4: What did the Enlightenment criticize about monarchies?
Answer: Absolute rule and lack of representation. Challenged divine right theory and promoted popular consent.
Flashcard 5: Which scientific figure is known for laws of motion?
Answer: Isaac Newton. Formulated three fundamental laws describing object motion.
Flashcard 6: Identify the author of 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman'.
Answer: Mary Wollstonecraft. Pioneered arguments for women's education and equality.
Flashcard 7: What was the impact of the Scientific Revolution on religion?
Answer: Challenged the Church's authority. Scientific discoveries contradicted biblical cosmology and theology.
Flashcard 8: What did Galileo Galilei improve to study the stars?
Answer: The telescope. Enhanced magnification allowed detailed observation of celestial bodies.
Flashcard 9: What was the Enlightenment view on education?
Answer: It should be available to all. Promoted universal literacy to spread reason and knowledge.
Flashcard 10: Which concept did Montesquieu introduce?
Answer: Separation of powers. Divided government into executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
Flashcard 11: What did the Scientific Method rely on?
Answer: Observation and experimentation. Replaced reliance on ancient texts with direct study of nature.
Flashcard 12: Which Enlightenment thinker influenced the US Constitution?
Answer: John Locke. His social contract theory influenced American founding principles.
Flashcard 13: Identify the author of 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman'.
Answer: Mary Wollstonecraft. Pioneered arguments for women's education and equality.
Flashcard 14: What did the Enlightenment criticize about monarchies?
Answer: Absolute rule and lack of representation. Challenged divine right theory and promoted popular consent.
Flashcard 15: Which invention was crucial to the Scientific Revolution?
Answer: The printing press. Enabled rapid spread of scientific discoveries and ideas.
Flashcard 16: What is empiricism?
Answer: Knowledge through sensory experience. Opposed rationalism that relied on innate ideas and logic.
Flashcard 17: Which Enlightenment thinker wrote 'Critique of Pure Reason'?
Answer: Immanuel Kant. Synthesized empiricism and rationalism in German philosophy.
Flashcard 18: What role did salons play in the Enlightenment?
Answer: Centers for intellectual exchange. Facilitated discussion and spread of Enlightenment philosophy.
Flashcard 19: Which scientific figure is known for laws of motion?
Answer: Isaac Newton. Formulated three fundamental laws describing object motion.
Flashcard 20: What did the Enlightenment promote in terms of economics?
Answer: Free market and capitalism. Opposed mercantilism and promoted individual economic freedom.
Flashcard 21: What did the Enlightenment encourage in terms of science and religion?
Answer: Separation of science and religion. Promoted secular reasoning independent of religious doctrine.
Flashcard 22: What was a consequence of the Enlightenment on revolutions?
Answer: Inspired democratic revolutions. Ideas about natural rights fueled American and French Revolutions.
Flashcard 23: Who wrote 'Leviathan'?
Answer: Thomas Hobbes. Argued for strong government to control human nature's brutality.
Flashcard 24: What was Denis Diderot's contribution to the Enlightenment?
Answer: The Encyclopédie. Comprehensive reference work organizing human knowledge systematically.
Flashcard 25: What did the Enlightenment advocate for in terms of justice?
Answer: Reform of criminal justice systems. Promoted humane punishment and rehabilitation over torture.
Flashcard 26: How did Enlightenment ideas spread across Europe?
Answer: Through books, pamphlets, and salons. Print culture and intellectual networks facilitated rapid dissemination.
Flashcard 27: What was the impact of the Enlightenment on art and culture?
Answer: Promoted neoclassicism. Emphasized classical ideals of reason, order, and virtue.
Flashcard 28: Which institution was most challenged during the Scientific Revolution?
Answer: The Catholic Church. Its authority over natural philosophy was directly undermined.
Flashcard 29: What did the Enlightenment emphasize in terms of human rights?
Answer: Universal equality and liberty. Proclaimed all humans possess inherent dignity and rights.
Flashcard 30: What scientific advancement is Galileo credited with?
Answer: Observational astronomy. Used telescopes to discover moons of Jupiter and lunar craters.