All flashcards
Flashcard 1: Who wrote 'The Wealth of Nations'?
Answer: Adam Smith. Advocated free market economics and division of labor principles.
Flashcard 2: What was the approximate time frame of the first Industrial Revolution?
Answer: 1760 to 1840. Period when mechanization transformed European manufacturing.
Flashcard 3: What was one effect of the mechanization of agriculture?
Answer: Increased food production. Machines improved farming efficiency and crop yields.
Flashcard 4: Identify one of the primary labor sources for early factories.
Answer: Women and children. Cheap labor force willing to work for low wages.
Flashcard 5: What did the Luddites oppose?
Answer: Industrial machinery and its impact on jobs. Textile workers who destroyed labor-saving machines.
Flashcard 6: What was a common working condition in early factories?
Answer: Long hours and unsafe environments. Workers faced dangerous machinery without safety regulations.
Flashcard 7: What legislation limited child labor in Britain?
Answer: The Factory Act of 1833. Prohibited employment of children under 9 in textile mills.
Flashcard 8: Identify the economic theory advocating for minimal government intervention.
Answer: Laissez-faire. Government should not interfere with business operations.
Flashcard 9: Identify one effect of industrialization on global trade.
Answer: Increased volume and speed of trade. Railroads and steamships accelerated international commerce.
Flashcard 10: What book did Karl Marx co-author in 1848?
Answer: The Communist Manifesto. Called for workers to unite against capitalist exploitation.
Flashcard 11: Who is known for the theory of Communism?
Answer: Karl Marx. Critiqued capitalism and proposed worker ownership of production.
Flashcard 12: What is the Industrial Revolution?
Answer: The transition to new manufacturing processes in Europe (c. 1760-1840). Marked the shift from hand production to machine manufacturing.
Flashcard 13: Identify one major technological advancement during the Industrial Revolution.
Answer: The steam engine. Powered machinery and transportation, revolutionizing production.
Flashcard 14: Which industry was first transformed by the Industrial Revolution?
Answer: The textile industry. Cotton production was mechanized first with spinning and weaving innovations.
Flashcard 15: Which country led the Industrial Revolution?
Answer: Great Britain. Had natural resources, capital, and favorable conditions for innovation.
Flashcard 16: Identify a major social consequence of the Industrial Revolution.
Answer: Child labor in factories. Young workers faced dangerous conditions and long hours.
Flashcard 17: Which financial institution expanded due to industrialization?
Answer: Banks. Provided capital for factory construction and business expansion.
Flashcard 18: What economic system is associated with the Industrial Revolution?
Answer: Capitalism. Private ownership and profit motive drove industrial investment.
Flashcard 19: Which invention is attributed to Richard Arkwright?
Answer: The water frame. Water-powered spinning machine that produced stronger thread.
Flashcard 20: What book did Karl Marx co-author in 1848?
Answer: The Communist Manifesto. Called for workers to unite against capitalist exploitation.
Flashcard 21: Which industry was first transformed by the Industrial Revolution?
Answer: The textile industry. Cotton production was mechanized first with spinning and weaving innovations.
Flashcard 22: Who invented the spinning jenny?
Answer: James Hargreaves. Multi-spindle device increased cotton thread production efficiency.
Flashcard 23: What was one effect of the mechanization of agriculture?
Answer: Increased food production. Machines improved farming efficiency and crop yields.
Flashcard 24: What labor organization emerged during the Industrial Revolution?
Answer: Trade unions. Workers organized to demand better wages and conditions.
Flashcard 25: What was a common working condition in early factories?
Answer: Long hours and unsafe environments. Workers faced dangerous machinery without safety regulations.
Flashcard 26: What was the approximate time frame of the first Industrial Revolution?
Answer: 1760 to 1840. Period when mechanization transformed European manufacturing.
Flashcard 27: Which country led the Industrial Revolution?
Answer: Great Britain. Had natural resources, capital, and favorable conditions for innovation.
Flashcard 28: What was a significant environmental impact of industrialization?
Answer: Increased pollution. Coal burning and industrial waste contaminated air and water.
Flashcard 29: Which invention is associated with Samuel Morse?
Answer: The Morse code. Dot-dash communication system for telegraph messages.
Flashcard 30: What characterized the second phase of the Industrial Revolution?
Answer: Advances in steel, chemicals, and electricity. New technologies expanded beyond textiles to heavy industry.