All flashcards
Flashcard 1: What was a major consequence of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre?
Answer: Intensified the French Wars of Religion. Radicalized Catholic-Protestant tensions and prolonged religious warfare.
Flashcard 2: What was the political impact of the Peace of Westphalia?
Answer: Marked the rise of state sovereignty. Ended religious justifications for war and strengthened secular authority.
Flashcard 3: What event began the Protestant Reformation in 1517?
Answer: Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses. Luther's critique of indulgences sparked the Protestant movement.
Flashcard 4: Identify the treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648.
Answer: Treaty of Westphalia. Established the principle of state sovereignty in European politics.
Flashcard 5: What was the primary theological belief of Calvinism?
Answer: Predestination. Calvin taught that God predetermined who would achieve salvation.
Flashcard 6: Which English monarch broke with the Catholic Church in 1534?
Answer: Henry VIII. Sought annulment from Rome to marry Anne Boleyn and produce a male heir.
Flashcard 7: What was the main goal of the Counter-Reformation?
Answer: To reform the Catholic Church and counter Protestantism. Catholic response to halt Protestant expansion and clarify doctrine.
Flashcard 8: Identify the pope who excommunicated Martin Luther.
Answer: Pope Leo X. Medici pope who initially underestimated the threat of Lutheran reform.
Flashcard 9: What was the main outcome of the Peace of Augsburg (1555)?
Answer: Allowed German princes to choose their state's religion. Established religious autonomy for German territories within the Empire.
Flashcard 10: Which religious group did the Treaty of Westphalia recognize?
Answer: Calvinists. Extended religious recognition beyond just Lutherans and Catholics.
Flashcard 11: Which reformer is associated with the doctrine of 'justification by faith alone'?
Answer: Martin Luther. Salvation through faith alone, not good works or church sacraments.
Flashcard 12: Identify the ruler known for the Spanish Armada's failed invasion of England.
Answer: Philip II of Spain. Attempted to restore Catholic rule in Protestant England in 1588.
Flashcard 13: What was the primary aim of the Council of Trent (1545-1563)?
Answer: To clarify Catholic doctrine and reform church practices. Ecumenical council that defined Catholic teachings against Protestant theology.
Flashcard 14: What was the primary impact of the Peace of Westphalia on Europe?
Answer: It marked the end of large-scale religious wars in Europe. Shifted focus from religious to political conflicts in European diplomacy.
Flashcard 15: Which religious group was targeted during the Spanish Inquisition?
Answer: Protestants and other non-Catholics. Conversos, Moriscos, and suspected heretics faced persecution and trials.
Flashcard 16: Name the Swiss reformer who led the Reformation in Zurich.
Answer: Huldrych Zwingli. Contemporary of Luther who emphasized scriptural authority over tradition.
Flashcard 17: What was a direct consequence of the Edict of Worms (1521)?
Answer: Luther was declared an outlaw and his works were banned. Charles V condemned Luther as a heretic and enemy of the empire.
Flashcard 18: Which treaty ended the Habsburg-Valois Wars?
Answer: Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis. 1559 agreement ended Habsburg-Valois rivalry over Italian territories.
Flashcard 19: What was the primary goal of the Schmalkaldic League?
Answer: To defend Protestant states within the Holy Roman Empire. Military alliance formed in 1531 to protect Lutheran principalities.
Flashcard 20: What was the significance of the Diet of Worms (1521)?
Answer: Luther refused to recant his teachings. Luther's defiant stand against imperial and papal authority.
Flashcard 21: Name the religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola.
Answer: The Jesuits. Founded in 1540 to spread Catholic education and missionary work.
Flashcard 22: What was the primary aim of the Council of Trent (1545-1563)?
Answer: To clarify Catholic doctrine and reform church practices. Ecumenical council that defined Catholic teachings against Protestant theology.
Flashcard 23: Which 1555 agreement allowed German princes to choose their state's religion?
Answer: Peace of Augsburg. Established 'cuius regio, eius religio' principle in the Holy Roman Empire.
Flashcard 24: Identify the ruler known for the Spanish Armada's failed invasion of England.
Answer: Philip II of Spain. Attempted to restore Catholic rule in Protestant England in 1588.
Flashcard 25: Which reformation leader translated the Bible into German?
Answer: Martin Luther. Made scripture accessible to common people in their vernacular language.
Flashcard 26: What was the main cause of the French Wars of Religion?
Answer: Conflict between Catholics and Huguenots. Religious divisions between French Catholics and Protestant Huguenots.
Flashcard 27: Which edict, issued in 1598, granted religious tolerance to Huguenots in France?
Answer: Edict of Nantes. Henry IV granted religious freedom to end the French Wars of Religion.
Flashcard 28: What term describes the Catholic Church's efforts to reform itself in response to Protestantism?
Answer: Counter-Reformation. Catholic revival movement to strengthen the church against Protestant challenges.
Flashcard 29: Identify the French king who converted to Catholicism to strengthen his rule.
Answer: Henry IV. Converted from Protestantism, declaring 'Paris is worth a Mass.'
Flashcard 30: What role did indulgences play in sparking the Protestant Reformation?
Answer: Their sale was criticized by reformers like Martin Luther. Luther condemned the practice as corrupting salvation through payment.