All flashcards
Flashcard 1: Which invention greatly impacted 18th-century textile production?
Answer: Spinning jenny. Mechanized spinning increased thread production efficiency.
Flashcard 2: What was a common theme in 18th-century literature?
Answer: Satire. Writers used humor to criticize social and political problems.
Flashcard 3: What was a significant technological advancement in 18th-century agriculture?
Answer: Seed drill. Mechanized planting improved crop yields and efficiency.
Flashcard 4: What was the primary economic activity of the 18th-century rural population?
Answer: Agriculture. Most Europeans lived in rural areas and worked the land for survival.
Flashcard 5: Which Enlightenment thinker advocated for natural rights?
Answer: John Locke. Promoted life, liberty, and property as inherent human rights.
Flashcard 6: What was a common theme in 18th-century literature?
Answer: Satire. Writers used humor to criticize social and political problems.
Flashcard 7: What was the impact of the Enlightenment on religion?
Answer: Secularization. Reason challenged traditional religious authority and dogma.
Flashcard 8: Identify a major economic change in 18th-century Europe.
Answer: Rise of capitalism. Private ownership and profit motive replaced feudal economics.
Flashcard 9: What was a common feature of 18th-century European cities?
Answer: Public squares. Central spaces for markets, gatherings, and public life.
Flashcard 10: What was the role of salons in 18th-century society?
Answer: Intellectual gatherings. Elite social spaces for discussing philosophy and politics.
Flashcard 11: Identify one major 18th-century urban social issue.
Answer: Overcrowding. Rapid urban growth created cramped, unsanitary conditions.
Flashcard 12: Name a popular 18th-century artistic movement.
Answer: Rococo. Emphasized ornate decoration and aristocratic leisure themes.
Flashcard 13: What was the primary function of guilds in the 18th century?
Answer: Regulation of trades. Controlled who could practice specific crafts and trades.
Flashcard 14: Which demographic group saw the most significant change in status during the 18th century?
Answer: Middle class. Gained wealth and influence through commerce and industry.
Flashcard 15: What was the main energy source that fueled the Industrial Revolution?
Answer: Coal. Abundant coal deposits powered steam engines and factories.
Flashcard 16: Identify the term for the 18th-century belief in reason and science.
Answer: Enlightenment. Intellectual movement emphasizing rational thought over tradition.
Flashcard 17: What was a common feature of 18th-century family life?
Answer: Extended family structure. Multiple generations lived together in rural households.
Flashcard 18: Which group primarily resisted the enclosure movement?
Answer: Peasants. Lost access to traditional common lands and grazing rights.
Flashcard 19: What was the main purpose of 18th-century academies?
Answer: Promotion of arts and sciences. Institutions that advanced learning and cultural development.
Flashcard 20: Which invention greatly impacted 18th-century textile production?
Answer: Spinning jenny. Mechanized spinning increased thread production efficiency.
Flashcard 21: What was a typical characteristic of 18th-century European diets?
Answer: Bread as staple. Grain-based foods formed the foundation of most meals.
Flashcard 22: Identify a key factor that led to the decline of serfdom in the 18th century.
Answer: Economic changes. Market forces made free labor more profitable than serfdom.
Flashcard 23: What was the main effect of the Agricultural Revolution on society?
Answer: Increased food production. Better farming techniques supported larger populations.
Flashcard 24: Which system replaced the open-field system in agricultural practices?
Answer: Enclosure system. Consolidated small plots into larger, privately owned farms.
Flashcard 25: What was a key demographic trend in 18th-century Europe?
Answer: Population growth. Better nutrition and medical care led to rising birth rates.
Flashcard 26: Identify the dominant class in 18th-century European society.
Answer: Nobility. Held most land, wealth, and political power throughout Europe.
Flashcard 27: What was the primary economic activity of the 18th-century rural population?
Answer: Agriculture. Most Europeans lived in rural areas and worked the land for survival.
Flashcard 28: Which Enlightenment thinker advocated for natural rights?
Answer: John Locke. Promoted life, liberty, and property as inherent human rights.
Flashcard 29: What was the impact of the Enlightenment on religion?
Answer: Secularization. Reason challenged traditional religious authority and dogma.
Flashcard 30: Identify a major economic change in 18th-century Europe.
Answer: Rise of capitalism. Private ownership and profit motive replaced feudal economics.