18th-Century Culture and Arts - AP European History

Candide. His satirical masterpiece attacking philosophical optimism and religious hypocrisy.

Jonathan Swift. Irish author whose works like 'Gulliver's Travels' exposed social and political hypocrisy.

John Locke. English philosopher who argued all knowledge comes from sensory experience.

Satirical criticism of British policy towards the Irish. Swift's essay ironically suggests eating poor children to solve Ireland's poverty.

Critique of Pure Reason. Groundbreaking work examining the limits and possibilities of human reason.

Advocates separation of powers in government. Influenced American Constitution by proposing checks and balances between government branches.

George Frideric Handel. German-born composer famous for oratorios celebrating Christian religious themes.

Period emphasizing rational thought over tradition. 18th-century intellectual movement prioritizing logic and science over faith and custom.

Socrates's final moments before his execution. Neoclassical masterpiece illustrating philosophical dedication and moral courage.

To gather and disseminate Enlightenment ideas. Collaborative effort to compile human knowledge and promote rational inquiry.

The benefits of free-market economics. Revolutionary economic theory arguing markets naturally regulate through competition.

Belief in a rational God who created the universe but does not intervene. Enlightenment religious philosophy rejecting organized religion while accepting divine creation.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Final opera blending Enlightenment themes with Masonic symbolism and German text.

Jacques-Louis David. Leading Neoclassical painter whose works embodied revolutionary republican ideals.

Survival and adventure on a deserted island. Defoe's novel explores individualism and colonialism through shipwreck narrative.

Empirical skepticism. Scottish philosopher who questioned the reliability of inductive reasoning.

Minimal government intervention in economic affairs. French economic philosophy advocating free trade and minimal government regulation.

A satirical exploration of human nature and society. Swift's allegorical novel critiquing politics, science, and human pride.

Immanuel Kant. German philosopher who synthesized rationalism and empiricism in critical philosophy.

Classical themes and moral virtue. Art movement emphasizing ancient ideals of beauty, order, and civic virtue.

Henry Fielding. English novelist who pioneered the comic novel with realistic character development.

Enlightenment thinkers advocating reason and reform. French intellectuals who popularized Enlightenment principles through writings and salons.

Promotion of secularism and scientific inquiry. Challenged religious authority and promoted individual rights and democratic governance.

Ludwig van Beethoven. German composer who bridged Classical and Romantic periods with innovative compositions.

Sparked the Sturm und Drang literary movement. Goethe's novel inspired emotional literary movement emphasizing individual feeling.

John Locke. Theory that mind begins as blank slate, shaped entirely by experience.

To criticize human vices and society. Literary technique using humor and irony to expose and correct social flaws.

Complexity and contrast in compositions. Musical style featuring elaborate ornamentation and dramatic emotional expression.

Neoclassicism. Revival of ancient Greek and Roman architectural principles emphasizing order and symmetry.