Impact of Industrialization and Economic Development - AP Comparative Government & Politics

The agricultural sector. Workers leave farms for higher-paying factory jobs.

It enables more efficient production and drives industrial growth. Machinery and innovation increase productivity and scale.

The process of population shift from rural to urban areas. Movement driven by industrial job opportunities in cities.

Modernization theory. Suggests societies progress through stages from traditional to modern.

Infrastructure investment. Roads, railways, and utilities support industrial expansion.

Increased pollution and environmental degradation. Factory emissions and waste harm air, water, and soil.

An economic system combining private and public enterprise. Balances market freedom with government regulation.

Increased social stratification and class division. Creates distinct working and capitalist classes.

Industrialization generally leads to an increase in GDP. Higher production efficiency boosts national economic output.

The manufacturing sector. Factories and production facilities expand before services.

Investment in human capital. Education and skills training boost productivity and innovation.

Progress in an economy indicated by higher living standards and GDP growth. Measured by improvements in income, health, and infrastructure.

Increased urbanization as people moved to cities for factory jobs. Factory jobs concentrated in cities, drawing rural workers.

The process of transforming an economy from agrarian to industrial. Key transition marking shift from manual labor to mechanized production.

The reduction of state involvement in the economy to promote growth. Removes trade barriers and privatizes state-owned enterprises.

Loss of local industries to international competition. Global competition can destroy domestic manufacturing jobs.

Government measures aimed at promoting economic growth in specific sectors. Targeted support for key industries through subsidies and regulations.

The United Kingdom. First to develop steam power and factory systems.

Lack of access to capital. Without funding, businesses cannot buy machinery or expand.

The unequal distribution of income and opportunity between different groups. Wealth and opportunity gaps create social tensions.

Improved living standards. Higher incomes, better healthcare, and quality of life.

Investment by a firm in one country in business interests in another. Cross-border investment brings capital and technology transfer.

Poverty alleviation. Reducing the percentage of population living in poverty.

The growth of capital resources, including human capital and physical capital. Investment in machinery, buildings, and worker skills.

Overcrowding and inadequate infrastructure in cities. Cities grow faster than housing and services can expand.

Development meeting present needs without compromising future generations. Balances current needs with long-term environmental protection.

Achieving sustainable development. Growth that doesn't deplete resources or harm environment.

A nation with a high level of industrialization and income. Advanced infrastructure, technology, and living standards.

The steam engine. Powered machinery and transportation, enabling mass production.