Elements and Compounds

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AP Chemistry › Elements and Compounds

Questions 1 - 10
1

Which answer choice shows the correct chemical formula for barium sulfate?

Explanation

We should first remember the difference between sulfate, sulfite, and sulfide. Sulfate is , sulfite is ` and sulfide is .

The only answer choices that could be right must have in them. We then need to see that barium usually has a charge of , as the periodic table shows us, and so we need a charge of to cancel that out. The answer is .

2

Which answer choice shows the correct chemical formula for barium sulfate?

Explanation

We should first remember the difference between sulfate, sulfite, and sulfide. Sulfate is , sulfite is ` and sulfide is .

The only answer choices that could be right must have in them. We then need to see that barium usually has a charge of , as the periodic table shows us, and so we need a charge of to cancel that out. The answer is .

3

How many lone pairs of electrons exist on the following molecule?

BF3

1

0

9

10

11

Explanation

.. ..

:F — B — F: Boron can have a violated octet (6 e-) and each F has 3 lone pairs

.. | .. for a total of 9 pairs of unpaired electrons

:F:

..

4

How many lone pairs of electrons exist on the following molecule?

BF3

1

0

9

10

11

Explanation

.. ..

:F — B — F: Boron can have a violated octet (6 e-) and each F has 3 lone pairs

.. | .. for a total of 9 pairs of unpaired electrons

:F:

..

5

Which answer choice shows the correct chemical formula for barium sulfate?

Explanation

We should first remember the difference between sulfate, sulfite, and sulfide. Sulfate is , sulfite is ` and sulfide is .

The only answer choices that could be right must have in them. We then need to see that barium usually has a charge of , as the periodic table shows us, and so we need a charge of to cancel that out. The answer is .

6

How many lone pairs of electrons exist on the following molecule?

BF3

1

0

9

10

11

Explanation

.. ..

:F — B — F: Boron can have a violated octet (6 e-) and each F has 3 lone pairs

.. | .. for a total of 9 pairs of unpaired electrons

:F:

..

7

Choose the correct chemical formula for sodium sulfate.

Explanation

Sulfate is a polyatomic ion that is composed of one sulfur atom and four oxygen atoms. The ion has a net charge of .

Since sodium ions have a charge of , we must use two atoms of sodium in order to result in a neutrally charged compound.

This makes the neutral chemical compound .

8

Identify the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in a charged cation of aluminum (mass number = 27).

Protons=13

Neutrons=14

Electrons=10

Protons=13

Neutrons=14

Electrons=13

Protons=10

Neutrons=14

Electrons=13

Protons=10

Neutrons=14

Electrons=16

Protons=16

Neutrons=14

Electrons=13

Explanation

The atomic number of aluminum is 13, which means it has 13 protons. All atoms with 13 protons are called aluminum. The mass number of aluminum is 27 and is the sum of neutrons and protons. We simply subtract the number of protons from the mass number to get the number of neutrons. Normally there are an equal number of electrons and protons. But since this aluminum exists as an ion with a +3 charge, it has lost three electrons and has only 10 electrons.

9

What is the molecular geometry of an ammonia molecule with the formula ?

Trigonal pyramidal

Trigonal planar

Tetrahedral

Trigonal bipyramidal

Explanation

In an ammonia molecule, the nitrogen is bonded to three hydrogen atoms and also has a lone electron pair. This lone pair will repel the three hydrogens out of a planar orientation, which results in a trigonal pyramidal geometry.

Compounds with the general formula AX3 and one lone pair will be trigonal pyramidal.

Compounds with the general formula AX3 and no lone pairs will be trigonal planar.

Compounds with the general formula AX4 and no lone pairs will be tetrahedral.

Compounds with the general formula AX5 and no lone pairs will be trigonal bipyramidal.

10

Choose the correct chemical formula for sodium sulfate.

Explanation

Sulfate is a polyatomic ion that is composed of one sulfur atom and four oxygen atoms. The ion has a net charge of .

Since sodium ions have a charge of , we must use two atoms of sodium in order to result in a neutrally charged compound.

This makes the neutral chemical compound .

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