In this question, we're asked to identify an answer choice that would be expected to give us a solution with the greatest osmotic pressure. Remember that osmotic pressure is proportional to the total number of dissolved solute particles in solution, regardless of the identity of those solute particles.

When looking at the answer choices, we need to keep in mind two things. First, we need to recognize the numerical value given for the concentration of the compound given. Secondly, we need to identify if the compound shown is capable of dissociating in solution to give rise to even more solute particles. This is important, as it would affect the osmotic pressure.

would be expected to have the largest osmotic pressure because, in total, this would be a solution after dissociation occurs.

Since both of the solvents have a vapor pressure, we can find the percentage of ethanol in the solution by using Raoult's law, including both solvents in the equation:

Since we want to find the percentage of ethanol in the solution, we will designate the molar fraction of ethanol as . Since the sum of the molar fractions equals one, the molar fraction of hexane will be designated as .

So, 63.4% of the solution is ethanol.

Since a salt has been added to the pure water, we can find the new melting point of the solution by using the freezing point depression equation:

The change in temperature is equal to the freezing point constant for the solvent multiplied by the molality of the solution multiplied by the van't Hoff factor. The van't Hoff factor is the number of ions that a salt will dissociate into when in solution.

For this particular salt, the van't Hoff factor is three. The molality will be equal to the moles of solute over the mass of the solvent.

Using these terms together in the original equation, we can find the freezing point depression.

This is the change in temperature from the regular freezing point. Since the freezing point for pure water is , the new melting point is .

For reference, the freeing point depression equation is:

Since we want to triple the melting point change, we need to manipulate the freezing point depression equation so that the value of is three times as large.

Replacing glucose with magnesium chloride will make the van't Hoff factor three, so the melting point change will triple.

Reducing the amount of water by a factor of three will also triple the melting point change, as will tripling the glucose amount.

Six moles of sodium chloride will triple the solute concentration and make the van't Hoff factor two. This multiplies the melting point change by six.

This question is asking us to identify a solution that increases the boiling point of water by the greatest amount.

To answer this, we need to understand the concept of colligative properties. When a solute dissolves in a solvent such as water, various physical properties are affected. The four colligative properties that change as a result of the addition of solute are freezing point, boiling point, vapor pressure, and osmotic pressure.

With regards to boiling point, as more solute is added to a solution, the boiling point increases. This is due to the fact that addition of solute makes it more difficult for the solute molecules to gain enough kinetic energy at the solution's surface to escape as a gas.

Furthermore, the identity of the solute does not matter. Thus, we need to look only at the number of dissolved solute particles rather than their identity. A compound such as sucrose will not dissociate in solution, which means that the osmotic pressure of the solution is the same as the concentration of sucrose.

Compounds that can dissociate into two or more particles will increase the osmolarity of the solution further. In this case, will double the stated osmolarity. , on the other hand, will dissociate completely because it is a strong acid, however the protons will not contribute to the osmolarity.

is able to dissociate into three equivalents of particles in solution. Thus, its initial concentration will be tripled, which gives it the highest osmolarity of any of the choices shown and will thus increase the boiling point by the greatest amount.

First, we need to calculate the molality because that is what we use in our equation for freezing point depression. We can get that from the molarity without knowing exactly how many liters or grams we have. We just have to know what we have one mole per liter. The weight of water is one kilogram per liter, so this allows us to make this conversion.

The molality is 2m. The van't Hoff factor is 3, as we get one calcium ion and two chloride ions per molecule during dissociation.

We can now plug the values into the equation for freezing point depression.

This gives us our depression of . The normal freezing point of pure water is , which means our new freezing point is .

Colligative properties are properties of solutions which depend on the number of dissolved particles in solution. The four main colligative properties are:

1. Freezing point depression: The presence of a solute lowers the freezing point of a solution as compared to that of the pure solvent.

2. Boiling point elevation: The presence of a solute increases the boiling point of a solution as compared to that of the pure solvent.

3. Vapor pressure depression: The vapor pressure of a pure solvent is greater than that of a solution containing a non-volatile liquid. The lowering of vapor pressure leads to boiling point elevation.

4. Osmotic pressure: The osmotic pressure of a solution is the pressure difference between the solution and pure solvent when the two are in equilibrium across a semipermeable membrane. Because it depends on the concentration of solute particles in solution, it is a colligative property.

Electronegativity is not a property of solutions reliant on the number of dissolved particles, but a property of atoms themselves.

When a solid is dissolved into a liquid, in our case water (snow), the freezing point will decrease. This phenomenon is called freezing point depression. In order to freeze, the molecules of the liquid must organize into a relatively static lattice. This highly organized structure is disrupted by the presence of extra molecules and ions that are dissolved in the liquid, making it harder to transition to a solid.

With enough salt in the snow, the freezing point will depress below the current temperature, leading the snow to melt and be in the liquid phase. The salt ions will infiltrate the ice/snow lattice, breaking apart the solid and cause the water to remain liquid.

Dissolving solutes into a solvent will influence the movement of the molecules in solution. In a pure solvent, the molecules are essentially in uniform motion. When an impurity is added, such as salt in seawater, the foreign particles begin to interact with the solvent. Different masses, velocities, and attractive forces alter the patterns of the liquid molecules and cause an overall decrease in their energy. Transitioning to a gaseous state from a liquid state requires a reduction of intermolecular forces, while adding solute increases these forces in the solution. Adding solute thus inhibits the transition from liquid to gas, resulting in boiling point elevation.

Filtering the water to remove some solute could help to distill the water by removing some of the boiling point elevation. Moving to the lower elevation or increasing the pressure will increasing the boiling point.

A nonvolatile solute will not contribute to the vapor pressure of a solution, and will only act to decrease the vapor pressure of the pure solvent. The molar fraction of the solvent in the solution can be determined using Raoult's law.

The solution's vapor pressure is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure solvent multiplied by the molar fraction of solvent in solution.

This means that the molar fraction of solvent in the solution is 0.76. As a result, we conclude that the molar fraction of solute in the solution is 0.24, since the sum of the mole fractions must equal 1.