Compounds and Molecules - AP Chemistry

Electronegative atoms disproportionately pull covalently bonded electrons toward themselves, which leaves hydrogen with partial positive character.

when a central atom of a molecule has 6 electron domains coming off of it (none of which are lone pairs of electrons), it is considered octahedral

For a unit cell, the corners count as 1/8 of a sphere and atoms completely within the unit cell count as 1. This gives us 1 yellow and 1 green sphere in the unit cell shown above.

SF4 has 6 electron domains coming off of it- 4 F molecules and 2 lone pairs of e–. This is an example of see-saw shape.

COH2:

:O:

||

H—C—H

This is a trigonal planar molecule, which only has bond angles of 120o

The figure above represents ABCABC packing which is cubic close packing.

The figure above represents ABABA packing which is hexagonal close packing.

The figure above has 8 Zn atoms on the corners (counting as 1/8) and 6 Zn atoms on the faces (counting as ½). This gives 4 Zn atoms in the unit cell. The Sulfur atoms are completely within the unit cell and count as 1 each for a total of 4 S atoms. This gives the formula Zn4S4 which reduces down to ZnS.

An interstitial alloy has a smaller atom inserted into the unit cell, a substitutional alloy has another atom substitute for the main element, and a pure metal is only composed of a single atom type.

This is butanol. It is an alcohol; OH is the prime example of hydrogen bonding, which is the strongest intermolecular force.

Ionic bonds are the strongest type of bonds, followed by covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, and lastly, van Der waals forces.

Ion-dipole forces are the strongest of the intermolecular forces.

Hydrogen bonding is a specific term for a particularly strong dipole-dipole interaction between a hydrogen atom and a very electronegative atom (oxygen, fluorine, or nitrogen). However, hydrogen bonds are still not as strong as ion-dipole interactions.

In order from strongest to weakest, the intermolecular forces given in the answer choices are: ion-dipole, hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole, and Van der Waals forces.

Ionic bonding is stronger than any of the given intermolecular forces, but is itself NOT an intermolecular force. Ionic bonds are a permanent chemical connection between two atoms, whereas intermolecular forces as a more transient and temporary attraction between independent molecules.

Ionic and covalent bonds are not intermolecular forces;

Ion-dipole>hydrogen bonds>dipole-dipole>van Der Waals forces

IMF strength is in the order of ion-ion>h-bond>dipole-dipole>van der waals. Of the listed compounds there aren't any that display ion-ion IMF, and only ammonia has h-bonding, making it the one with the strongest forces.

Helium gas will have the lowest boiling point since it is a noble gas and the only intermolecular forces present are dispersion forces, which are the weakest. Acetone has a dipole, so dipole-dipole forces will be present. Water has a dipole and can also hydrogen bond, as can isobutyl alcohol. However, isobutyl alcohol is heavier than water, and will thus have the highest boiling point.

Ion-dipole forces are the forces responsible for the solvation of ionic compounds in aqueous solutions, and are the strongest of the intermolecular foces. Hydrogen bonding is the second strongest intermolecular force, followed by dipole-dipole interactions. London dispersion forces are present in all solutions, but are very small and the weakest of the intermolecular forces.

Noble gases are uncharged and do not have polar covalent bonds or dipole moments. The only force that could apply to them are dispersion forces.

A hydrogen bond is not a proper chemical bond, but the result of dipole-dipole interactions. While they are very chemically important, hydrogen bonds are dynamic, rather than stagnant. This is the least stable type of bond listed.

Covalent bonds are inherently more stable than ionic bonds as electrons are shared between both bound atoms, so the next stronges bond type is the ionic bond.

Chemists distinguish between covalent and ionic bonds for the sake of simplicity, but there is actually a continuum. Polar covalent bonds are on the continuum between pure ionic bonds and pure covalent bonds, so polar covalent bonds have more ionic character than nonpolar covalent bonds, and thus are less stable than nonpolar covalent bonds.

The choice "The slightly negatively charged sulfur atoms in are attracted to the slightly positively charged hydrogen atom of a nearby molecule" is exactly analogous to hydrogen bonding in water.

"Two methane molecules are attracted to one another because of temporary dipoles" describes London dispersion forces.

While "A negatively charged chlorine anion in solution will attract nearby positively charged Lithium cations" may sound like hydrogen bonding, it is more descriptive of interactions between any charged particles, not charged particles within the same molecule.

"Water completely dissolves certain salts, like " does not describe bonding at all.

While "The chlorine bound to carbon in dichloromethane will slightly attract positive charged particles" sounds promising, the slight charges are not on the same molecule.