Nervous System - AP Biology
Card 0 of 1148
What kind of reflex does not require processing by the brain?
What kind of reflex does not require processing by the brain?
Monosynaptic reflexes do not require a neuron between the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neuron, and do not require input from the brain. These reflexes can be triggered even in brain-dead individuals. The knee-jerk reflex is an example of a monosynaptic reflex.
The accommodation reflex is used to adjust the focus of the eye. The acoustic reflex reduces sound intensity by adjusting the bones of the middle ear. The suckling reflex is the complicated reflex of an infant mammal being able to breast feed. Somatic reflexes are a broad category simply involving muscle reflexes. Some of these reflexes involve input from the brain, while others (like the knee-jerk reflex) do not.
Monosynaptic reflexes do not require a neuron between the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neuron, and do not require input from the brain. These reflexes can be triggered even in brain-dead individuals. The knee-jerk reflex is an example of a monosynaptic reflex.
The accommodation reflex is used to adjust the focus of the eye. The acoustic reflex reduces sound intensity by adjusting the bones of the middle ear. The suckling reflex is the complicated reflex of an infant mammal being able to breast feed. Somatic reflexes are a broad category simply involving muscle reflexes. Some of these reflexes involve input from the brain, while others (like the knee-jerk reflex) do not.
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Which of these physiological changes occurs when the sympathetic nervous system is activated?
Which of these physiological changes occurs when the sympathetic nervous system is activated?
The sympathetic nervous system is activated during times of stress, and is responsible for initiating the "fight or flight" response. Part of this response in an increase in heart rate, allowing better conduction of blood and delivery of oxygen throughout the body.
The other answer options are effects of parasympathetic stimulation, which allows for rest. During this time, the body stores energy from glucose into glycogen, and allows for digestion and reproduction.
The sympathetic nervous system is activated during times of stress, and is responsible for initiating the "fight or flight" response. Part of this response in an increase in heart rate, allowing better conduction of blood and delivery of oxygen throughout the body.
The other answer options are effects of parasympathetic stimulation, which allows for rest. During this time, the body stores energy from glucose into glycogen, and allows for digestion and reproduction.
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Which division of the nervous system only innervates skeletal muscle?
Which division of the nervous system only innervates skeletal muscle?
The nervous system has two principle divisions for function and two principle divisions for structure. Structurally, there are the central and peripheral nervous system divisions. Functionally, there are the somatic and autonomic divisions.
The somatic nervous system is responsible for voluntary actions, namely the innervation of skeletal muscle. The autonomic nervous system is responsible for all involuntary actions, including smooth muscle contraction, glandular stimulation, and other functions.
The peripheral nervous system carries both somatic and autonomic signals, innervating the entire periphery (not just skeletal muscle). The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the nervous system are both autonomic. Though they innervate some skeletal muscles, they also play keys roles in other bodily functions, such as heart rate and blood pressure regulation.
The somatic nervous system is the only division to only innervate skeletal muscle.
The nervous system has two principle divisions for function and two principle divisions for structure. Structurally, there are the central and peripheral nervous system divisions. Functionally, there are the somatic and autonomic divisions.
The somatic nervous system is responsible for voluntary actions, namely the innervation of skeletal muscle. The autonomic nervous system is responsible for all involuntary actions, including smooth muscle contraction, glandular stimulation, and other functions.
The peripheral nervous system carries both somatic and autonomic signals, innervating the entire periphery (not just skeletal muscle). The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the nervous system are both autonomic. Though they innervate some skeletal muscles, they also play keys roles in other bodily functions, such as heart rate and blood pressure regulation.
The somatic nervous system is the only division to only innervate skeletal muscle.
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Somatic motor neurons are found in which section of the spinal cord?
Somatic motor neurons are found in which section of the spinal cord?
The nervous system has two principle divisions for function and two principle divisions for structure. Structurally, there are the central and peripheral nervous system divisions. Functionally, there are the somatic and autonomic divisions.
The spinal cord is found in the central nervous system, and is structurally divided into afferent sensory neurons and efferent motor neurons. Sensory neuron cell bodies are found in the dorsal root ganglion, while somatic motor neurons are found in the ventral horn of the spinal cord.
The nervous system has two principle divisions for function and two principle divisions for structure. Structurally, there are the central and peripheral nervous system divisions. Functionally, there are the somatic and autonomic divisions.
The spinal cord is found in the central nervous system, and is structurally divided into afferent sensory neurons and efferent motor neurons. Sensory neuron cell bodies are found in the dorsal root ganglion, while somatic motor neurons are found in the ventral horn of the spinal cord.
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A sensory/receptor cell in the somatic nervous system would likely come from an , while a sensory/receptor cell in the autonomic nervous system would likely come from a(n) .
A sensory/receptor cell in the somatic nervous system would likely come from an , while a sensory/receptor cell in the autonomic nervous system would likely come from a(n) .
The somatic nervous system is responsible for chiefly voluntary, conscious behavior, such as choosing a reaction to external stimuli sensed by one of the traditional five senses. The autonomic nervous system is responsible for involuntary bodily function, and can respond to sensations such as gas concentrations in the blood, changes in blood pressure, and slight deviations in body temperature, among many others.
The somatic nervous system is responsible for chiefly voluntary, conscious behavior, such as choosing a reaction to external stimuli sensed by one of the traditional five senses. The autonomic nervous system is responsible for involuntary bodily function, and can respond to sensations such as gas concentrations in the blood, changes in blood pressure, and slight deviations in body temperature, among many others.
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Action potentials move down myelinated axons via saltatory conduction. This is because .
Action potentials move down myelinated axons via saltatory conduction. This is because .
The tiny gaps in between myelin sheaths are referred to as nodes of Ranvier. The action potential will jump from node to node as it moves down the axon.
If an axon existed without these gaps (the entire length was covered in myelin), it would be unable to conduct an action potential.
The tiny gaps in between myelin sheaths are referred to as nodes of Ranvier. The action potential will jump from node to node as it moves down the axon.
If an axon existed without these gaps (the entire length was covered in myelin), it would be unable to conduct an action potential.
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Which portion of a neuron receives neurotransmitters from a previous neuron, signaling the need for propagation of action potential?
Which portion of a neuron receives neurotransmitters from a previous neuron, signaling the need for propagation of action potential?
Neurotransmitters from presynaptic cells are received by the dendrites of postsynaptic cells. There are myriad dendrites on each neuron that then propagate this signal to the soma (or cell body), allowing the signal to be passed down the axon to another neuron.
Neurotransmitters from presynaptic cells are received by the dendrites of postsynaptic cells. There are myriad dendrites on each neuron that then propagate this signal to the soma (or cell body), allowing the signal to be passed down the axon to another neuron.
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Which of the following statements about axons is true?
Which of the following statements about axons is true?
The axon carries action potentials away from the cell body of a neuron via a sequence of continuous depolarization. The cell body, or soma, however, is the site of neurotransmitter production and the location of the nucleus and other organelles. Every single neuron contains only one axon.
The axon carries action potentials away from the cell body of a neuron via a sequence of continuous depolarization. The cell body, or soma, however, is the site of neurotransmitter production and the location of the nucleus and other organelles. Every single neuron contains only one axon.
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Which of the following is responsible for creating myelin, for the myelin sheaths of axons?
Which of the following is responsible for creating myelin, for the myelin sheaths of axons?
Schwann cells produce myelin for neurons of the peripheral nervous system, while oligodendrocytes produce myelin for neurons of the central nervous system.
Schwann cells produce myelin for neurons of the peripheral nervous system, while oligodendrocytes produce myelin for neurons of the central nervous system.
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Which of the following best describes the order of information processing in a neuron?
Which of the following best describes the order of information processing in a neuron?
A neuron receives input from other neurons at the dendrites. Neurotransmitters released by other neurons bind to receptors on the dendrites, which carry the signal to the cell body. The signal is then amplified in the cell body before being transferred to the axon. Once the signal transitions to the axon, it is considered an action potential. The signal eventually reaches the end of the axon, where the synaptic vesicles are located, and stimulates release of neurotransmitters to the next neuron's dendrites.
A neuron receives input from other neurons at the dendrites. Neurotransmitters released by other neurons bind to receptors on the dendrites, which carry the signal to the cell body. The signal is then amplified in the cell body before being transferred to the axon. Once the signal transitions to the axon, it is considered an action potential. The signal eventually reaches the end of the axon, where the synaptic vesicles are located, and stimulates release of neurotransmitters to the next neuron's dendrites.
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Which of the following is true regarding a neuron?
Which of the following is true regarding a neuron?
Neurons have many dendrites, one cell body, and a single axon with several terminal branches. A dendrite receives an external stimulus and causes an electrical disturbance in the cell body. This electrical disturbance is transmitted to the axon, where an action potential is generated if the stimulus is large enough. The action potential is propagated through the axon and is transmitted to a neighboring neuron at the synapse.
A large enough electrical disturbance will generate an action potential in the axon, but no magnitude of stimulus can create an action potential in the dendrites. Neurons do contain multiple dendrites, but they only contain one cell body and one axon. Finally, neurons transmit electrical signals to other neurons at the synapse, not at the cell body.
Neurons have many dendrites, one cell body, and a single axon with several terminal branches. A dendrite receives an external stimulus and causes an electrical disturbance in the cell body. This electrical disturbance is transmitted to the axon, where an action potential is generated if the stimulus is large enough. The action potential is propagated through the axon and is transmitted to a neighboring neuron at the synapse.
A large enough electrical disturbance will generate an action potential in the axon, but no magnitude of stimulus can create an action potential in the dendrites. Neurons do contain multiple dendrites, but they only contain one cell body and one axon. Finally, neurons transmit electrical signals to other neurons at the synapse, not at the cell body.
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An electrical synapse uses to transmit electrical signals between neurons.
An electrical synapse uses to transmit electrical signals between neurons.
There are two types of synapses: chemical and electrical. Chemical synapses use chemical signals called neurotransmitters to transmit nerve signals between neurons, whereas electrical synapses use electrical signals. These electrical signals are transmitted through a gap junction that connects adjacent neurons. Intercalated discs in cardiac muscle contain gap junctions for the purpose of propagating electrical signals to cause systole.
There are two types of synapses: chemical and electrical. Chemical synapses use chemical signals called neurotransmitters to transmit nerve signals between neurons, whereas electrical synapses use electrical signals. These electrical signals are transmitted through a gap junction that connects adjacent neurons. Intercalated discs in cardiac muscle contain gap junctions for the purpose of propagating electrical signals to cause systole.
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Which of the following cells is found in the peripheral nervous system?
Which of the following cells is found in the peripheral nervous system?
While both oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells produce myelin sheaths that insulate nervous system signals, only the Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system.
All other cells listed are found only in the central nervous system. Microglia act as immune cells within the cerebrospinal fluid, since lymphocytes are barred entry by the blood-brain barrier. Astrocytes support the neural cells and provide nutrients. Ependymal cells are responsible for secreting cerebrospinal fluid.
While both oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells produce myelin sheaths that insulate nervous system signals, only the Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system.
All other cells listed are found only in the central nervous system. Microglia act as immune cells within the cerebrospinal fluid, since lymphocytes are barred entry by the blood-brain barrier. Astrocytes support the neural cells and provide nutrients. Ependymal cells are responsible for secreting cerebrospinal fluid.
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Which of the following cells are responsible for speeding up the action potentials along the axon of a neuron?
Which of the following cells are responsible for speeding up the action potentials along the axon of a neuron?
The correct answer is Schwann cells. Schwann cells are cells that produce the myelination present on the outer covering of the axon of the neuron. This lipid-rich material helps facilitate the movement of the action potential along the axon from the axon hillock to the axon terminal branches.
The correct answer is Schwann cells. Schwann cells are cells that produce the myelination present on the outer covering of the axon of the neuron. This lipid-rich material helps facilitate the movement of the action potential along the axon from the axon hillock to the axon terminal branches.
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Which of the following may result from damage to the front lobe?
Which of the following may result from damage to the front lobe?
The brain is often divided into four lobes based on anatomy and physiology: the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe. Each lobe controls various aspects of cognition and motor skills. The frontal lobe is associated with reasoning, speech, movement, and emotions. The parietal lobe is associated with orientation and recognition. The occipital lobe is associated with visual processing. The temporal lobe is associated with auditory processing and memory.
Broca's area is a small region of the frontal lobe located in the left hemisphere. This region of the brain is responsible for generating speech and articulation. Damage to this region of the frontal lobe could cause speech impairment. In contrast, Wernicke's area is located in the temporal lobe and is associated with comprehension of speech.
Spastic muscle activity is not related to the brain, but results from injury to motor neurons spanning from the spinal cord to the limbs.
The brain is often divided into four lobes based on anatomy and physiology: the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe. Each lobe controls various aspects of cognition and motor skills. The frontal lobe is associated with reasoning, speech, movement, and emotions. The parietal lobe is associated with orientation and recognition. The occipital lobe is associated with visual processing. The temporal lobe is associated with auditory processing and memory.
Broca's area is a small region of the frontal lobe located in the left hemisphere. This region of the brain is responsible for generating speech and articulation. Damage to this region of the frontal lobe could cause speech impairment. In contrast, Wernicke's area is located in the temporal lobe and is associated with comprehension of speech.
Spastic muscle activity is not related to the brain, but results from injury to motor neurons spanning from the spinal cord to the limbs.
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What occurs at a synapse?
What occurs at a synapse?
Synapses are special regions where a neuron releases a signal to its target cell. Most commonly this signal is chemical (neurotransmitters), but it can also be electrical. The synapse is a gap between the neurons, and does not allow for direct contact. Signals are released from the axon of one neuron and must traverse the synaptic cleft before interfacing with receptors on the target cell.
Neurons do not directly release hormones into the blood stream and synapses do not offer protection to neurons.
Synapses are special regions where a neuron releases a signal to its target cell. Most commonly this signal is chemical (neurotransmitters), but it can also be electrical. The synapse is a gap between the neurons, and does not allow for direct contact. Signals are released from the axon of one neuron and must traverse the synaptic cleft before interfacing with receptors on the target cell.
Neurons do not directly release hormones into the blood stream and synapses do not offer protection to neurons.
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Which term is used to describe movement of an organism toward a light source?
Which term is used to describe movement of an organism toward a light source?
Phototaxis is movement (taxis) in response to light (photo). Movement towards a source is positive; movement away from a source is negative. "Positive phototaxis" would be used to describe movement toward a light source.
Phototaxis is movement (taxis) in response to light (photo). Movement towards a source is positive; movement away from a source is negative. "Positive phototaxis" would be used to describe movement toward a light source.
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Which statement is not true about glia?
Which statement is not true about glia?
Glial cells are non-neuronal cells that support neuron activity. Their functions include physical support of neurons, supply oxygen and nutrients, and take up excess neurotransmitters.
Glial cells are non-neuronal cells that support neuron activity. Their functions include physical support of neurons, supply oxygen and nutrients, and take up excess neurotransmitters.
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Signals travel through a neuron as , and travel from neuron to neuron as .
Signals travel through a neuron as , and travel from neuron to neuron as .
Neurotransmitters and hormones are both chemical signals, but hormones are used in the endocrine system, released from glands into the blood, while neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminals of neurons to signal other neurons. Signals travel across neurons as electrical signals caused by the movement of large numbers of atomic ions across the membrane via protein channels. Charged proteins would be too large to quickly move through the channels in such large numbers.
Neurotransmitters and hormones are both chemical signals, but hormones are used in the endocrine system, released from glands into the blood, while neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminals of neurons to signal other neurons. Signals travel across neurons as electrical signals caused by the movement of large numbers of atomic ions across the membrane via protein channels. Charged proteins would be too large to quickly move through the channels in such large numbers.
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When stimulated, the vagus nerve slows down heart rate. We can assume that the vagus nerve is classified under which branch of the nervous system?
When stimulated, the vagus nerve slows down heart rate. We can assume that the vagus nerve is classified under which branch of the nervous system?
Neuroglia are the support cells of the nervous system, and do not conduct action potentials. The central nervous system is composed of only the brain and spinal cord; not nerves. The somatic system controls voluntary movements, so heart rate would not be under its control. The sympathetic nervous system is commonly assigned the "fight or flight" responses, while the parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for "resting and digesting." Since the body is returning to a rested state by lowering heart rate, we would assign this action to the parasympathetic nervous system.
Neuroglia are the support cells of the nervous system, and do not conduct action potentials. The central nervous system is composed of only the brain and spinal cord; not nerves. The somatic system controls voluntary movements, so heart rate would not be under its control. The sympathetic nervous system is commonly assigned the "fight or flight" responses, while the parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for "resting and digesting." Since the body is returning to a rested state by lowering heart rate, we would assign this action to the parasympathetic nervous system.
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