Regulation of Cell Cycle - AP Biology
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Identify the checkpoint that prevents premature mitosis initiation.
Identify the checkpoint that prevents premature mitosis initiation.
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G₂/M checkpoint. Ensures cell is ready for nuclear division.
G₂/M checkpoint. Ensures cell is ready for nuclear division.
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Which phase follows the completion of mitosis?
Which phase follows the completion of mitosis?
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Cytokinesis. Physical division of cytoplasm creates two cells.
Cytokinesis. Physical division of cytoplasm creates two cells.
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Which molecule is degraded to allow transition from metaphase to anaphase?
Which molecule is degraded to allow transition from metaphase to anaphase?
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Securin. Inhibitor protein prevents premature chromatid separation.
Securin. Inhibitor protein prevents premature chromatid separation.
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Name the phase where spindle fibers attach to kinetochores.
Name the phase where spindle fibers attach to kinetochores.
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Prometaphase. Transition phase where kinetochore assembly occurs.
Prometaphase. Transition phase where kinetochore assembly occurs.
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At which checkpoint is the cell cycle arrested if DNA damage is detected?
At which checkpoint is the cell cycle arrested if DNA damage is detected?
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G₁/S checkpoint. Restriction point prevents replication of damaged DNA.
G₁/S checkpoint. Restriction point prevents replication of damaged DNA.
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Which phase of mitosis involves chromatin condensation?
Which phase of mitosis involves chromatin condensation?
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Prophase. First phase organizes chromosomes for division.
Prophase. First phase organizes chromosomes for division.
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Which protein complex ensures proper chromosome separation?
Which protein complex ensures proper chromosome separation?
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Cohesin complex. Holds sister chromatids together until anaphase.
Cohesin complex. Holds sister chromatids together until anaphase.
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Which protein can trigger apoptosis if DNA damage is irreparable?
Which protein can trigger apoptosis if DNA damage is irreparable?
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p53 protein. Activates apoptotic pathway when damage is severe.
p53 protein. Activates apoptotic pathway when damage is severe.
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Name the checkpoint that ensures DNA is undamaged before mitosis.
Name the checkpoint that ensures DNA is undamaged before mitosis.
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G₂/M checkpoint. Prevents mitosis with damaged or unreplicated DNA.
G₂/M checkpoint. Prevents mitosis with damaged or unreplicated DNA.
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Identify the phase where the cell grows and prepares for DNA replication.
Identify the phase where the cell grows and prepares for DNA replication.
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G₁ phase. Gap phase for organelle synthesis and growth.
G₁ phase. Gap phase for organelle synthesis and growth.
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What is the primary signal for mitotic entry?
What is the primary signal for mitotic entry?
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Activation of cyclin B/CDK1 complex. Active kinase triggers nuclear envelope breakdown.
Activation of cyclin B/CDK1 complex. Active kinase triggers nuclear envelope breakdown.
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What event marks the beginning of prometaphase?
What event marks the beginning of prometaphase?
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Nuclear envelope breakdown. Nuclear membrane dissolves for spindle access.
Nuclear envelope breakdown. Nuclear membrane dissolves for spindle access.
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Which molecule is a key regulator of the G₁/S transition?
Which molecule is a key regulator of the G₁/S transition?
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Cyclin D. Early cyclin promotes entry into S phase.
Cyclin D. Early cyclin promotes entry into S phase.
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What is the outcome of the G₁/S checkpoint activation?
What is the outcome of the G₁/S checkpoint activation?
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Cell cycle arrest until DNA repair is complete. Halts progression until repair mechanisms finish.
Cell cycle arrest until DNA repair is complete. Halts progression until repair mechanisms finish.
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Identify the phase of the cell cycle where DNA replication occurs.
Identify the phase of the cell cycle where DNA replication occurs.
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S phase. Synthesis phase duplicates chromosomes for division.
S phase. Synthesis phase duplicates chromosomes for division.
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What ensures the fidelity of chromosome segregation during mitosis?
What ensures the fidelity of chromosome segregation during mitosis?
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Spindle assembly checkpoint. Monitors attachment status before allowing progression.
Spindle assembly checkpoint. Monitors attachment status before allowing progression.
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Which molecule acts as a checkpoint inhibitor in the G₂/M transition?
Which molecule acts as a checkpoint inhibitor in the G₂/M transition?
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Chk1 kinase. DNA damage checkpoint kinase prevents mitotic entry.
Chk1 kinase. DNA damage checkpoint kinase prevents mitotic entry.
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What is the function of the protein kinase Wee1?
What is the function of the protein kinase Wee1?
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Inhibits CDKs to regulate cell cycle entry. Phosphorylates CDK1 to keep it inactive until appropriate.
Inhibits CDKs to regulate cell cycle entry. Phosphorylates CDK1 to keep it inactive until appropriate.
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Identify the phase of mitosis where nuclear envelope re-forms.
Identify the phase of mitosis where nuclear envelope re-forms.
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Telophase. Final mitotic phase reverses nuclear breakdown.
Telophase. Final mitotic phase reverses nuclear breakdown.
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What is the consequence of a defective spindle assembly checkpoint?
What is the consequence of a defective spindle assembly checkpoint?
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Aneuploidy due to improper chromosome segregation. Unequal chromosome distribution causes genomic instability.
Aneuploidy due to improper chromosome segregation. Unequal chromosome distribution causes genomic instability.
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Name the process responsible for dividing the cytoplasm after mitosis.
Name the process responsible for dividing the cytoplasm after mitosis.
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Cytokinesis. Contractile ring pinches cell membrane in two.
Cytokinesis. Contractile ring pinches cell membrane in two.
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What is checked at the spindle assembly checkpoint?
What is checked at the spindle assembly checkpoint?
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Chromosome attachment to spindle fibers. Verifies proper bipolar attachment before segregation.
Chromosome attachment to spindle fibers. Verifies proper bipolar attachment before segregation.
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Which protein regulates the G₂/M transition by inhibiting CDK1?
Which protein regulates the G₂/M transition by inhibiting CDK1?
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Wee1 kinase. Checkpoint kinase maintains $G_2$ arrest when needed.
Wee1 kinase. Checkpoint kinase maintains $G_2$ arrest when needed.
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What is the function of the protein cdc25?
What is the function of the protein cdc25?
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Activates CDKs by dephosphorylation. Phosphatase removes inhibitory phosphates from CDKs.
Activates CDKs by dephosphorylation. Phosphatase removes inhibitory phosphates from CDKs.
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Which enzyme is activated by cyclins to progress the cell cycle?
Which enzyme is activated by cyclins to progress the cell cycle?
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Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Phosphorylate target proteins when bound to cyclins.
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Phosphorylate target proteins when bound to cyclins.
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What is the role of the Rb protein in the cell cycle?
What is the role of the Rb protein in the cell cycle?
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Inhibits the cell cycle; tumor suppressor. Retinoblastoma protein blocks $G_1$/S transition.
Inhibits the cell cycle; tumor suppressor. Retinoblastoma protein blocks $G_1$/S transition.
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What is the role of cyclins in the cell cycle?
What is the role of cyclins in the cell cycle?
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Regulate the progression of the cell cycle. Oscillating proteins that activate CDKs at checkpoints.
Regulate the progression of the cell cycle. Oscillating proteins that activate CDKs at checkpoints.
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What event characterizes the anaphase of mitosis?
What event characterizes the anaphase of mitosis?
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Separation of sister chromatids. Cohesin cleavage allows chromosome movement to poles.
Separation of sister chromatids. Cohesin cleavage allows chromosome movement to poles.
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Name the phase where cells exit the cell cycle and stop dividing.
Name the phase where cells exit the cell cycle and stop dividing.
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G₀ phase. Quiescent state for non-dividing differentiated cells.
G₀ phase. Quiescent state for non-dividing differentiated cells.
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What is the primary function of the cell cycle?
What is the primary function of the cell cycle?
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To ensure accurate DNA replication and cell division. Prevents genetic defects by controlling division timing.
To ensure accurate DNA replication and cell division. Prevents genetic defects by controlling division timing.
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