Origins of Cell Compartmentalization - AP Biology
Card 1 of 30
Which cellular structure is primarily responsible for compartmentalization?
Which cellular structure is primarily responsible for compartmentalization?
Tap to reveal answer
Membranes. Create physical barriers that separate cellular compartments.
Membranes. Create physical barriers that separate cellular compartments.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the most widely accepted prokaryotic ancestor of chloroplasts?
What is the most widely accepted prokaryotic ancestor of chloroplasts?
Tap to reveal answer
A photosynthetic cyanobacterium. Explains chloroplasts' photosynthetic abilities.
A photosynthetic cyanobacterium. Explains chloroplasts' photosynthetic abilities.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which organelle is involved in ATP production?
Which organelle is involved in ATP production?
Tap to reveal answer
Mitochondria. Double membrane structure houses cellular respiration.
Mitochondria. Double membrane structure houses cellular respiration.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Name an organelle thought to have originated via endosymbiosis.
Name an organelle thought to have originated via endosymbiosis.
Tap to reveal answer
Mitochondria. Originally a free-living bacterium that was engulfed.
Mitochondria. Originally a free-living bacterium that was engulfed.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Identify a structural feature of chloroplasts.
Identify a structural feature of chloroplasts.
Tap to reveal answer
Thylakoid membranes. Flattened sacs that contain chlorophyll.
Thylakoid membranes. Flattened sacs that contain chlorophyll.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Name a function of membrane proteins.
Name a function of membrane proteins.
Tap to reveal answer
Transport of molecules across the membrane. Enable selective transport and communication.
Transport of molecules across the membrane. Enable selective transport and communication.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is a defining feature of eukaryotic cells?
What is a defining feature of eukaryotic cells?
Tap to reveal answer
Presence of membrane-bound organelles. Unlike prokaryotes, organelles are membrane-enclosed.
Presence of membrane-bound organelles. Unlike prokaryotes, organelles are membrane-enclosed.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What are ribosomes responsible for?
What are ribosomes responsible for?
Tap to reveal answer
Protein synthesis. Translate mRNA into polypeptide chains.
Protein synthesis. Translate mRNA into polypeptide chains.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the significance of membrane fluidity?
What is the significance of membrane fluidity?
Tap to reveal answer
Allows cell movement and growth. Maintains membrane integrity during cellular processes.
Allows cell movement and growth. Maintains membrane integrity during cellular processes.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the selective advantage of internal membranes for early cells?
What is the selective advantage of internal membranes for early cells?
Tap to reveal answer
Increased surface area for metabolic reactions and transport. More membrane area allows greater biochemical activity.
Increased surface area for metabolic reactions and transport. More membrane area allows greater biochemical activity.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the selective advantage of compartmentalization for enzyme pathways?
What is the selective advantage of compartmentalization for enzyme pathways?
Tap to reveal answer
Localization increases efficiency and reduces interfering side reactions. Spatial separation optimizes metabolic pathway efficiency.
Localization increases efficiency and reduces interfering side reactions. Spatial separation optimizes metabolic pathway efficiency.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the main energetic benefit of acquiring mitochondria by endosymbiosis?
What is the main energetic benefit of acquiring mitochondria by endosymbiosis?
Tap to reveal answer
Greatly increased ATP production via aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration produces much more ATP than fermentation.
Greatly increased ATP production via aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration produces much more ATP than fermentation.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Identify the evidence: an organelle divides by binary fission; what origin does this support?
Identify the evidence: an organelle divides by binary fission; what origin does this support?
Tap to reveal answer
Endosymbiotic origin. Binary fission is how prokaryotes reproduce.
Endosymbiotic origin. Binary fission is how prokaryotes reproduce.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Identify the evidence: an organelle contains $70S$-like ribosomes; what origin does this support?
Identify the evidence: an organelle contains $70S$-like ribosomes; what origin does this support?
Tap to reveal answer
Endosymbiotic origin from prokaryotes. $70S$ ribosomes are found in prokaryotes, not eukaryotes.
Endosymbiotic origin from prokaryotes. $70S$ ribosomes are found in prokaryotes, not eukaryotes.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Choose the word that completes the claim: mitochondria are most closely related to ______.
Choose the word that completes the claim: mitochondria are most closely related to ______.
Tap to reveal answer
$b^1$-proteobacteria. Phylogenetic analysis shows closest relationship to this group.
$b^1$-proteobacteria. Phylogenetic analysis shows closest relationship to this group.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Choose the word that completes the claim: chloroplasts are most closely related to ______.
Choose the word that completes the claim: chloroplasts are most closely related to ______.
Tap to reveal answer
Cyanobacteria. Phylogenetic analysis shows closest relationship to this group.
Cyanobacteria. Phylogenetic analysis shows closest relationship to this group.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Identify the prediction: if plastids arose by secondary endosymbiosis, what membrane trait is expected?
Identify the prediction: if plastids arose by secondary endosymbiosis, what membrane trait is expected?
Tap to reveal answer
Plastids surrounded by more than $2$ membranes. Multiple engulfment events add extra membrane layers.
Plastids surrounded by more than $2$ membranes. Multiple engulfment events add extra membrane layers.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Identify the correct statement about the age of mitochondria relative to plastids in eukaryotes.
Identify the correct statement about the age of mitochondria relative to plastids in eukaryotes.
Tap to reveal answer
Mitochondria evolved earlier; plastids evolved later in some lineages. All eukaryotes have mitochondria; only some have plastids.
Mitochondria evolved earlier; plastids evolved later in some lineages. All eukaryotes have mitochondria; only some have plastids.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which option best distinguishes endomembrane origin from endosymbiotic origin?
Which option best distinguishes endomembrane origin from endosymbiotic origin?
Tap to reveal answer
Endomembranes: invagination; mitochondria/chloroplasts: engulfed cells. Different mechanisms produced different organelle types.
Endomembranes: invagination; mitochondria/chloroplasts: engulfed cells. Different mechanisms produced different organelle types.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Identify a factor that affects membrane fluidity.
Identify a factor that affects membrane fluidity.
Tap to reveal answer
Cholesterol content. Higher cholesterol reduces fluidity.
Cholesterol content. Higher cholesterol reduces fluidity.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the purpose of the nuclear pore complex?
What is the purpose of the nuclear pore complex?
Tap to reveal answer
Regulates transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Selective gateway for nuclear-cytoplasmic exchange.
Regulates transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Selective gateway for nuclear-cytoplasmic exchange.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is a characteristic of ribosomes in eukaryotic cells?
What is a characteristic of ribosomes in eukaryotic cells?
Tap to reveal answer
They can be free or bound to the ER. Location determines protein destination.
They can be free or bound to the ER. Location determines protein destination.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Identify a factor that affects membrane fluidity.
Identify a factor that affects membrane fluidity.
Tap to reveal answer
Cholesterol content. Higher cholesterol reduces fluidity.
Cholesterol content. Higher cholesterol reduces fluidity.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which organelle is involved in ATP production?
Which organelle is involved in ATP production?
Tap to reveal answer
Mitochondria. Double membrane structure houses cellular respiration.
Mitochondria. Double membrane structure houses cellular respiration.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which organelle is believed to be a descendant of prokaryotic cells?
Which organelle is believed to be a descendant of prokaryotic cells?
Tap to reveal answer
Chloroplasts. Evolved from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis.
Chloroplasts. Evolved from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Identify a process that vesicles are involved in.
Identify a process that vesicles are involved in.
Tap to reveal answer
Endocytosis. Vesicles transport materials into the cell.
Endocytosis. Vesicles transport materials into the cell.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the primary function of the cytoskeleton?
What is the primary function of the cytoskeleton?
Tap to reveal answer
Maintaining cell shape and facilitating movement. Protein framework determines cell structure.
Maintaining cell shape and facilitating movement. Protein framework determines cell structure.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What function do intermediate filaments serve?
What function do intermediate filaments serve?
Tap to reveal answer
Provide mechanical support to cells. Rope-like structures resist tension forces.
Provide mechanical support to cells. Rope-like structures resist tension forces.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Tap to reveal answer
Modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins. Acts as the cell's shipping and receiving center.
Modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins. Acts as the cell's shipping and receiving center.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Describe one feature of mitochondrial DNA.
Describe one feature of mitochondrial DNA.
Tap to reveal answer
Circular DNA similar to bacteria. Lacks histones and resembles prokaryotic genomes.
Circular DNA similar to bacteria. Lacks histones and resembles prokaryotic genomes.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →