Introduction to Macromolecules - AP Biology
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What is the sugar found in DNA?
What is the sugar found in DNA?
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Deoxyribose. Five-carbon sugar lacking one hydroxyl group compared to ribose.
Deoxyribose. Five-carbon sugar lacking one hydroxyl group compared to ribose.
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What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
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Nucleotides. Composed of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.
Nucleotides. Composed of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.
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What is the term for a chain of amino acids?
What is the term for a chain of amino acids?
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Polypeptide. Linear sequence of amino acids connected by peptide bonds.
Polypeptide. Linear sequence of amino acids connected by peptide bonds.
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What type of bond links monosaccharides together?
What type of bond links monosaccharides together?
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Glycosidic bond. Covalent bond formed between sugar molecules during dehydration synthesis.
Glycosidic bond. Covalent bond formed between sugar molecules during dehydration synthesis.
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Which macromolecule provides structural support in insects and fungi?
Which macromolecule provides structural support in insects and fungi?
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Chitin. Modified cellulose polymer containing nitrogen that strengthens exoskeletons.
Chitin. Modified cellulose polymer containing nitrogen that strengthens exoskeletons.
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Identify the macromolecule formed by glycerol and fatty acids.
Identify the macromolecule formed by glycerol and fatty acids.
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Triglycerides. Energy storage lipids consisting of three fatty acid chains bonded to glycerol.
Triglycerides. Energy storage lipids consisting of three fatty acid chains bonded to glycerol.
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What is a saturated fat characterized by?
What is a saturated fat characterized by?
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No double bonds in fatty acids. All carbon atoms in fatty acid chains have maximum hydrogen atoms.
No double bonds in fatty acids. All carbon atoms in fatty acid chains have maximum hydrogen atoms.
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What is the name of the bond between glycerol and fatty acids?
What is the name of the bond between glycerol and fatty acids?
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Ester bond. Linkage formed during triglyceride synthesis via dehydration reaction.
Ester bond. Linkage formed during triglyceride synthesis via dehydration reaction.
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What is the main component of plant cell walls?
What is the main component of plant cell walls?
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Cellulose. Strong glucose polymer provides structural support and rigidity to plants.
Cellulose. Strong glucose polymer provides structural support and rigidity to plants.
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What is the main function of phospholipids in cells?
What is the main function of phospholipids in cells?
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Form cell membranes. Create selective barriers that control what enters and exits cells.
Form cell membranes. Create selective barriers that control what enters and exits cells.
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What type of bond links monosaccharides together?
What type of bond links monosaccharides together?
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Glycosidic bond. Covalent bond formed between sugar molecules during dehydration synthesis.
Glycosidic bond. Covalent bond formed between sugar molecules during dehydration synthesis.
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Which macromolecule is primarily hydrophobic?
Which macromolecule is primarily hydrophobic?
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Lipids. Contains mostly nonpolar carbon-hydrogen bonds that repel water.
Lipids. Contains mostly nonpolar carbon-hydrogen bonds that repel water.
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What type of reaction forms macromolecules by linking monomers?
What type of reaction forms macromolecules by linking monomers?
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Dehydration synthesis. Removes water molecules to join monomers together into polymers.
Dehydration synthesis. Removes water molecules to join monomers together into polymers.
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What is the polymer of nucleotides called?
What is the polymer of nucleotides called?
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Polynucleotide. Long chain of nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds.
Polynucleotide. Long chain of nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds.
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What is the primary structural component of cell membranes?
What is the primary structural component of cell membranes?
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Phospholipids. Amphipathic molecules with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails form bilayers.
Phospholipids. Amphipathic molecules with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails form bilayers.
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What is the primary energy storage polysaccharide in animals?
What is the primary energy storage polysaccharide in animals?
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Glycogen. Highly branched glucose polymer stored in liver and muscle cells.
Glycogen. Highly branched glucose polymer stored in liver and muscle cells.
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Identify the primary function of enzymes.
Identify the primary function of enzymes.
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Catalyze chemical reactions. Protein catalysts lower activation energy to speed up biochemical reactions.
Catalyze chemical reactions. Protein catalysts lower activation energy to speed up biochemical reactions.
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Which macromolecule provides structural support in insects and fungi?
Which macromolecule provides structural support in insects and fungi?
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Chitin. Modified cellulose polymer containing nitrogen that strengthens exoskeletons.
Chitin. Modified cellulose polymer containing nitrogen that strengthens exoskeletons.
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What are the four main types of macromolecules?
What are the four main types of macromolecules?
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Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids. These are the essential large biological molecules found in all living organisms.
Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids. These are the essential large biological molecules found in all living organisms.
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What is the primary function of triglycerides?
What is the primary function of triglycerides?
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Energy storage. Fats store more energy per gram than carbohydrates or proteins.
Energy storage. Fats store more energy per gram than carbohydrates or proteins.
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Identify the process that breaks down macromolecules into monomers.
Identify the process that breaks down macromolecules into monomers.
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Hydrolysis. Adds water molecules to break bonds between monomers in polymers.
Hydrolysis. Adds water molecules to break bonds between monomers in polymers.
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What is the role of RNA in cells?
What is the role of RNA in cells?
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Protein synthesis. Carries genetic instructions from DNA to ribosomes for protein production.
Protein synthesis. Carries genetic instructions from DNA to ribosomes for protein production.
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What is the primary function of carbohydrates?
What is the primary function of carbohydrates?
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Provide energy. Glucose and other sugars are broken down to release ATP for cellular processes.
Provide energy. Glucose and other sugars are broken down to release ATP for cellular processes.
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Which macromolecule can act as hormones?
Which macromolecule can act as hormones?
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Proteins and lipids. Chemical messengers that regulate physiology and behavior.
Proteins and lipids. Chemical messengers that regulate physiology and behavior.
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What are the base pairing rules for RNA?
What are the base pairing rules for RNA?
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A-U, C-G. RNA uses uracil instead of thymine for complementary base pairing.
A-U, C-G. RNA uses uracil instead of thymine for complementary base pairing.
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Identify the term for a protein's three-dimensional shape.
Identify the term for a protein's three-dimensional shape.
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Tertiary structure. Overall folding pattern determines protein function and activity.
Tertiary structure. Overall folding pattern determines protein function and activity.
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What type of lipid is characterized by a four-ring structure?
What type of lipid is characterized by a four-ring structure?
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Steroid. Cholesterol and hormones like testosterone share this rigid carbon ring framework.
Steroid. Cholesterol and hormones like testosterone share this rigid carbon ring framework.
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Which macromolecule serves as a major source of energy for cells?
Which macromolecule serves as a major source of energy for cells?
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Carbohydrates. Glucose is the preferred fuel molecule for cellular respiration.
Carbohydrates. Glucose is the preferred fuel molecule for cellular respiration.
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What are the base pairing rules for DNA?
What are the base pairing rules for DNA?
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A-T, C-G. Complementary base pairing rules for DNA double helix formation.
A-T, C-G. Complementary base pairing rules for DNA double helix formation.
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What is the building block of cellulose?
What is the building block of cellulose?
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Glucose. Simple sugar monomers connected by glycosidic bonds form this structural polymer.
Glucose. Simple sugar monomers connected by glycosidic bonds form this structural polymer.
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