Cell Structure and Function - AP Biology

The plasma membrane regulates ion and molecule passage. Controls what enters and exits the cell.

Microtubules maintain cell shape and facilitate transport. Hollow tubes provide tracks for organelle movement.

Peroxisomes break down fatty acids and detoxify substances. They also neutralize hydrogen peroxide produced in metabolism.

The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondria. Citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.

Phospholipids are the primary component of the cell membrane. Amphipathic molecules form bilayer with hydrophobic core.

The mitochondrion is responsible for ATP production. Cellular respiration produces ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

Mitochondria are involved in ATP synthesis. Electron transport chain produces ATP from ADP.

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum detoxifies substances. It metabolizes drugs and breaks down toxic compounds.

The cytoskeleton maintains cell shape and aids in movement. Network of protein fibers provides structural framework.

Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes. These enzymes digest cellular waste and worn organelles.

Intermediate filaments provide mechanical support. Rope-like fibers resist tension and compression forces.

Actin filaments are involved in muscle contraction. Thin filaments interact with myosin for contraction.

Mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration. Glucose is broken down to produce ATP.

The plasma membrane contains receptors for signaling. Membrane proteins detect and bind signaling molecules.

The nucleolus produces ribosomal subunits. It assembles large and small ribosomal subunits.

Chloroplasts synthesize ATP during photosynthesis. Light reactions produce ATP and NADPH.

Rough ER has ribosomes; smooth ER does not. Ribosomes distinguish protein synthesis destinations.

The cell membrane regulates the entry and exit of substances. Selective permeability maintains cellular homeostasis.

The nucleolus is responsible for ribosome assembly. Site where rRNA and proteins combine into subunits.

The Golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins. It receives proteins from ER for further processing.

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes lipids. It lacks ribosomes and makes phospholipids and steroids.

The Golgi apparatus modifies and sorts proteins. Processes proteins from ER before final destination.

The nucleus houses the cell's genetic material (DNA). It controls gene expression and DNA replication.

The centrosome organizes microtubules. Contains two centrioles that organize spindle fibers.

Mitochondria are known as the 'powerhouse of the cell'. They generate most cellular ATP through respiration.

Glycoproteins are involved in cell recognition. Carbohydrate markers identify cell type and function.

Chloroplasts conduct photosynthesis. They convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose).

The central vacuole is responsible for storage. It maintains turgor pressure for plant rigidity.

Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll. Green pigment captures light energy for photosynthesis.