Mary Cassatt was the only American woman to be actively involved as an artist in the late nineteenth century French avant-garde art movements. While this work is not traditionally impressionistic, especially as it is a drypoint print rather than a painting, it shares many similarities in tone and style to the works of the Impressionists Cassatt worked so closely with in France. Most notably, the influence of Japanese art, the everyday subject, and the free lines are hallmarks of Impressionism as an artistic movement.

Image is in the public domain, accessed through Wikipedia Media Commons: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mary\_Cassatt\_-\_The\_Coiffure\_-\_NGC\_29882.jpg

Gustave Courbet (1819-1877) was a French painter who reacted to the previous generation's bold romanticism and his contemporary critics' love of history painting by developing what he termed "realism." Courbet wished to use his painting to comment on social issues and values, which he felt were valuable topics on which a painter might focus. Courbet sought out landscapes, portraits, and still lifes that depicted the everyday in rough, honest brushstrokes.

Vincent van Gogh, Henri Matisse, and Joan Miró were all connected as artists through their use of color and experimentation with forms. Nonetheless, each artist developed his own unique style that largely stood apart from other artists. Van Gogh's postimpressionistic style built on impressionism, while Matisse and Miro's deconstruction of form and representation exploded many of impressionism's notions of art.

Delacroix was a famous nineteenth-century painter known for his orientalist paintings, which illustrated Middle Eastern culture and lifestyle to a Western audience.

The answer is Romanticism. Romanticism was in many ways a reaction to the Industrial Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment, as many artists during that time felt as though society had become too rational, exact and scientific. Romanticism praised and sought to express deep emotion—even negative emotions like fear and apprehension—and the concept of nature and the natural world. Romanticism also celebrated heroic or daring individuals, as they were seen as superior members of society. The art, literature, and music of this time period reflects these sentiments.

Impressionism grew out of the desire of nineteenth-century Parisian artists to move away from the outdated works of the Salon de Paris. Their work moved against tradition and was rejected by the Salon, causing a movement to form in response.

John James Audubon was a Frenchman who came to America in 1803 to avoid the Napoleonic Wars. He made a name for himself in the early nineteenth century as a painter of wildlife and landscapes of the then vast American frontier. His The Birds of America, published in sections between 1827 and 1838, not only was a remarkable work of art by an American artist, but helped ornithology immensely in understanding avian wildlife in America.

This painting, an 1899 self-portrait by Vincent van Gogh, stands firmly in the tradition of post-impressionism. Post-impressionists took many of the elements of the Impressionists of a generation earlier, including visible brushstrokes, emotional concerns, and everyday scenes, and pushed them further. As seen in this work, the paint is extremely thick and textured, with bright, almost unrealistic colors sharpening the image.

While subject matter and mystical elements apply to the bottom painting, they do not apply to the top painting. In addition, there is no way to know if the time spent on the paintings differs from those of the impressionists. Moreover, color is not necessarily a good indicator (particularly for the top painting). The best answer is the treatment of paint. Both van Gogh and Gauguin used paint far more aggressively than their impressionist counterparts.

The American painter James Abbott McNeill Whistler was famous for his advocating the so-called "art for art's sake" ethos. This meant that Whistler mostly abjured political or social themes, and often compared his work to musical compositions in terms of mood and tone. Whistler's famous portrait of his mother was actually officially entitled Arrangement in Grey and Black No. 1.