Identifying Bones of the Upper Extremities - Anatomy

The hamate is one of the carpals, located in the wrist. There are eight carpal bones, roughly organized into two rows. The triquetral, lunate, and scaphoid are aligned in a row from medial to lateral at the interface of the carpals with the ulna and radius. The pisiform is located anterior to the triquetral and occupies a slightly different plane than the other carpals. Distal to the row formed by the triquetral, lunate, and scaphoid are the remaining carpals: the hamate, capitate, trapezoid, and trapezium (ordered medial to lateral).

The cuboid and navicular are tarsal bones, located in the ankle and foot.

An AB positive patient is known as a universal recipient because they can receive blood from any blood type. The recipient's antibodies are what will attack foreign antigens. Type AB positive patients produce no antibodies, because any antibody produced would attack their own antigens, causing agglutination. Because type AB patients patients do not produce antibodies, they cannot attack any antigens and they can receive any blood type.

The forearm has two bones: the radius and the ulna. In order to determine which forearm bone is medial to the body, we need to remember standard anatomical position. In this position, the palms face outward, meaning the pinky is the closest finger to the body. The ulna is on the side of the pinky, while the radius is on the side of the thumb. As a result, the ulna is the forearm bone medial to the body.

The humerus is located proximal to the radius and ulna and forms the shoulder joint with the scapula. The clavicle is superior to the humerus and articulates with the scapula above the shoulder.

The humerus articulates with the scapula, making the glenohumeral joint at the head, and the radius and ulna, making the elbow joint at the trochlea. The anatomic neck is the area immediately below the head that functions as attachment for the joint capsule of the glenohumeral joint. The spiral groove houses the radial nerve and serves as an attachment site for the lateral and medial head of the biceps brachii.

The surgical neck is located between the anatomical neck and shaft of the humerus, marking a narrower region of the bone. The surgical neck is the most common site of fracture on the humerus. The axillary nerve and the posterior humeral circumflex artery also course through this region and can be damaged in the case of injury.

The carpal bones are found arranged in two layers of four in the hand. The first row, lateral to medial, is made of the scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform. The distal row, from lateral to medial, is made of the trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate. A fracture of the scaphoid during a fall on an outstretched hand can damage the radial artery. A fracture of the hamate can cause damage to the ulnar nerve and artery.

The carpal bones articulate with the radius bone in the forearm to create the wrist; the ulna has no contact with the carpal bones in the hand.

The coronoid process is a structure on the proximal ulna, not to be confused with the coracoid on the scapula or the conoid on the clavicle. The coronoid process forms part of the trochlear notch on the ulna.

When the ulna is extended, the olecranon, which is an extension of the ulna, fits into the olecranon fossa of the humerus.

The wrist contains 8 carpal bones. The scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform make up the proximal row, while the trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate make up the distal row. A mnemonic to help you remember these eight bones is: Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle. In the anatomical position, from lateroproximal to mediodistal: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate.

The supraspinatus is responsible for initiating abduction of the arm for the first 15 degrees, while the deltoid continues the abduction.

There are only four muscles that comprise the rotator cuff. All of the answer choices except the teres major are rotator cuff muscles.

The olecranon is a feature of the ulna. It is commonly known as the elbow. The coracoid process can be found on the scapula and both the deltoid tuberosity and trochlea can be found on the humerus.

The coracoid process is a projection on the scapula that serves as an attachment site for ligaments which help to stabilize the shoulder. It is located proximally to the articulation of the humerus and scapula. The head of the humerus is smooth and round to fit into the glenoid cavity of the scapula. It has no sites for attachment. The humerus is the long bone of the upper arm. It is the head of the humerus that interacts with the ligaments attaching to the coracoid process. The clavicle, also known as the collar bone, articulates with another projection from the scapula called the acromion. It is posterior to the coracoid process.

A sesamoid bone is one that lies within a tendon. The tendon slides across the bone to reduce friction, increase the force the tendon can pull with, and/or prevent the tendon from flattening when it is taut. There are several sesamoid bones in the body, but only one in the wrist. It is called the pisiform and it lies within the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle.

The wrist is composed of eight bones. The scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate. The talus is a bone in the ankle.

The ulna is the longer and thinner bone in the forearm. The radius is the shorter, thicker bone of the forearm. The fibula is the long thin bone of the leg. The olecranon is a bony eminence of the ulna, that is palpable as the elbow.

Condyles articulate with bones (such as the lateral and medial condyles of the femur) while epicondyles serve as attachment points for ligaments and muscles. The funny bone is the medial epicondyle. Lateral refers to something farther from the mid line. The ulnar nerve passes between the medial epicondyle and the olecranon process of the ulna, so it can easily be overstimulated by being hit on one of these bony prominences.

Anatomically speaking, the shoulder girdle in humans consists of two bones: the scapula and the clavicle. Of the answer choices listed, scapula is the only one that is correct.

Interosseous membranes are thin flat stretches of fibrous tissue that stretch between the ulna and radius of the forearm and also between the tibia and fibula of the lower limbs. They serve to separate structures such as the muscles on the anterior and posterior sides of the arm, absorb impact, and maintain integrity of the joint during movements.

Of the two bones in the forearm, the point of the elbow is located on the ulna. This eliminates the answer choice that says the olecranon of the radius because that is not an actual structure. The medial and lateral condyles are located on either side of the bone, meaning the correct answer is the olecranon of the ulna.