Comparing Viewpoints & Hypotheses - ACT Science

A testable prediction or explanation for a phenomenon. Hypotheses must be specific and measurable to allow scientific testing.

They cannot both be true simultaneously. Only one can be correct when they contradict each other.

A variable, mechanism, or condition one includes and the other does not. A factor that separates one hypothesis from another.

Deductive reasoning. Moves from general principles to specific conclusions.

Data that does not fit expected patterns. Unexpected results that don't match predicted outcomes.

To test the effect of the independent variable. Receives the treatment being studied to measure its impact.

Independent variable. The factor deliberately altered to observe its effects.

Hypothesis. Requires testing through experimentation to become validated.

To ensure reliability and validity of results. Repeated trials confirm results aren't due to chance or error.

Inference. Logical deduction based on available evidence and data.

To provide a basis for experimentation. Guides experimental design and data collection methods.

Qualitative is descriptive; quantitative is numerical. Qualitative uses words; quantitative uses numbers and measurements.

Questioning the validity of a claim without evidence. Requires evidence before accepting claims as scientifically valid.

Independent variable. The cause that researchers change to study its effects.

Ensures accuracy and credibility of research. Other experts evaluate methods and conclusions before publication.

Reliability. Consistent results indicate the measurement tool is dependable.

Bias. Systematic errors that skew results in one direction.

Replication of experiments. Independent repetition confirms the original findings are valid.

To provide a baseline for comparison. Controls remain unchanged to isolate the effect of the experimental variable.

Hypothesis. Must be falsifiable and measurable through experimentation.

To evaluate the validity of each viewpoint. Comparing helps identify which explanations are supported by evidence.

Dependent variable. This variable responds to changes in the independent variable.

They cannot both be true simultaneously. Only one can be correct when they contradict each other.

Scientific theory. Theories are supported by extensive evidence and multiple studies.

Null hypothesis. Scientists try to disprove it to support the alternative hypothesis.

To demonstrate that a hypothesis is incorrect. Falsification provides evidence against a proposed explanation.

A hypothesis is a testable prediction; a theory is well-substantiated. Theories have extensive support while hypotheses are initial predictions.

Hypothesis. Based on prior knowledge and designed to be testable.

Null hypothesis. Assumes no change or difference will occur in the experiment.