The adrenal medulla produces epinephrine and norepinephrine, which cause the fight or flight response. The thyroid gland produces triiodothryonine and thyroxine, which are used for metabolism, growth, and development. The ovaries and placenta produce estrogen and progesterone, which are used for fetal/maternal development and egg production. Lastly, the stomach and small intestines produce gastrin and secretin, which are used to assist digestion and nutrient absorption.

Insulin is made in the beta cells of the pancreas in response to ATP from glucose metabolism. Insulin inhibits glucagon release by alpha cells of the pancreas in a negative feedback mechanism to maintain constant blood glucose levels.

Insulin has several anabolic effects, including increased glucose transport in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, increased glycogen synthesis and storage, increased triglyceride storage, increased protein synthesis in muscles, and increased cellular uptake of potassium and amino acids.

Glycogen is made by pancreatic alpha cells and is secreted in response to hypoglycemia, resulting in glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to increase circulating blood glucose levels.

Insulin is made in the beta cells of the pancreas in response to ATP from glucose metabolism. Insulin inhibits glucagon release by alpha cells of the pancreas in a negative feedback mechanism to maintain constant blood glucose levels.

Insulin has several anabolic effects, including increased glucose transport in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, increased glycogen synthesis and storage, increased triglyceride storage, increased protein synthesis in muscles, and increased cellular uptake of potassium and amino acids.

Glycogen is made by pancreatic alpha cells and is secreted in response to hypoglycemia, resulting in glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to increase circulating blood glucose levels.

Insulin is made in the beta cells of the pancreas in response to ATP from glucose metabolism. Insulin inhibits glucagon release by alpha cells of the pancreas in a negative feedback mechanism to maintain constant blood glucose levels.

Insulin has several anabolic effects, including increased glucose transport in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, increased glycogen synthesis and storage, increased triglyceride storage, increased protein synthesis in muscles, and increased cellular uptake of potassium and amino acids.

Glycogen is made by pancreatic alpha cells and is secreted in response to hypoglycemia, resulting in glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to increase circulating blood glucose levels.

The adrenal medulla produces epinephrine and norepinephrine, which cause the fight or flight response. The thyroid gland produces triiodothryonine and thyroxine, which are used for metabolism, growth, and development. The ovaries and placenta produce estrogen and progesterone, which are used for fetal/maternal development and egg production. Lastly, the stomach and small intestines produce gastrin and secretin, which are used to assist digestion and nutrient absorption.

The adrenal medulla produces epinephrine and norepinephrine, which cause the fight or flight response. The thyroid gland produces triiodothryonine and thyroxine, which are used for metabolism, growth, and development. The ovaries and placenta produce estrogen and progesterone, which are used for fetal/maternal development and egg production. Lastly, the stomach and small intestines produce gastrin and secretin, which are used to assist digestion and nutrient absorption.

The adrenal medulla produces epinephrine and norepinephrine, which cause the fight or flight response. The thyroid gland produces triiodothryonine and thyroxine, which are used for metabolism, growth, and development. The ovaries and placenta produce estrogen and progesterone, which are used for fetal/maternal development and egg production. Lastly, the stomach and small intestines produce gastrin and secretin, which are used to assist digestion and nutrient absorption.

Insulin is made in the beta cells of the pancreas in response to ATP from glucose metabolism. Insulin inhibits glucagon release by alpha cells of the pancreas in a negative feedback mechanism to maintain constant blood glucose levels.

Insulin has several anabolic effects, including increased glucose transport in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, increased glycogen synthesis and storage, increased triglyceride storage, increased protein synthesis in muscles, and increased cellular uptake of potassium and amino acids.

Glycogen is made by pancreatic alpha cells and is secreted in response to hypoglycemia, resulting in glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to increase circulating blood glucose levels.

The liver secretes angiotensinogen and insulin-like growth factors. Only angiotensinogen is responsible for increasing blood pressure by acting on blood vessels. Cortisol is released by the adrenal cortex, oxytocin is released by the posterior pituitary, and vitamin D3 is found being activated in the skin. Angiotensinogen is a zymogen that is converted into angiotensin I by renin (secreted by the kidney). Then angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II, which is a potent vasoconstrictor. Angiotensin II also promotes the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex, which increases sodium reabsorption. Lastly, antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released from the posterior pituitary to act on the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct to increase the permeability of water via upregulation of aquaporins. Together, these hormones act to increase blood pressure.

When thinking of hormones, it helps to remember that they are generally slow acting, indirect, and long lasting. All endocrine hormones travel through the bloodstream in order to reach their target cells. It can help to compare the activity of hormones to the activity of neurotransmitters, which are fast acting and have immediate effects on their target cell. Consider the effects of acetylcholine release at a neuromuscular junction in comparison to growth hormone release into the blood. The muscle twitch is much more transient and quick to react, whereas the effects of growth hormone can take much longer to appear.