Pyrophobia and arachnophobia are each fears of a specific stimulus. Pyrophobia (from the Greek "piras") is the fear of fire, while arachnophobia (from the Greek "arachni") is the fear of spiders. Because they are fears of a specific stimulus, they are specific phobias as opposed to social phobias.

Erik Erikson was a theorist who believed that each stage of life had its own task to overcome. Erickson’s psychosocial stages included the following: infancy, toddlerhood, preschool, elementary school, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood. He assigned each stage with an approximate age range. In the preschool stage (from about 3 to 6 years of age), Erikson believed people needed to resolve issues associated with initiative versus guilt. He hypothesized that children at this stage will learn to either take the initiative to start and carry out tasks or that they will feel guilty about their attempts to be independent. The other provided options are stages in Erikson's stages of psychosocial development; however, they each have their own tasks (i.e. trust versus mistrust or autonomy versus shame and doubt) and are incorrect.

Theory of Mind refers to a person's general understanding that the people around them each have their own unique beliefs, perceptions, and desires. The other four answers are specifically the four stages of Hoffman's Theory (in order: Global Distress Reaction, Person Permanence, Role Taking, and Comprehensive Empathy).

Object permanence is the understanding that even though an object has disappeared from view, that disappearance is probably temporary: the object has not disappeared totally from existence. Infants do not achieve this understanding until around eight months of age. Because of this, the baby girl likely believes her father no longer exists when he disappears from view, which is upsetting.

Subliminal perceptions are those that involve stimuli occurring too weakly or quickly to be recognized consciously. When these were first discovered, there was much excitement and concern over the potential applications of non-conscious perceptions to the field of advertising. Although many subliminal ads were created and tested, it has since become apparent that they are largely ineffective. Although subliminal perceptions can alter behavior in laboratory settings, they fail to have a significant impact on human behavior—especially in the area of complex decision making that interested marketers. Subliminal perceptions also fail to produce significant changes in emotions, and—if anything—have a weak or negligible effect at best.

"Subliminal" is defined as "beneath the threshold" and it refers to information which is processed without entering into consciousness. Such information has been demonstrated to impact decision making in laboratory conditions, but failed to provide a significant enough influence to justify its use in advertising or politics. This allayed the concerns over a possible "brainwashing" of the public by the media which arose when this phenomenon was discovered.

Though in Freudian terminology the subconsciousness is described as a component of mental life which is inaccessible to regular consciousness, "unconsciousness" does not match this or the correct answer to the question. Finally, subliminal information is not "paranormal," or outside of the natural laws of physics, in any regard, and neither is it "subtypical", which is in fact, not a word at all.

The Gestalt laws of perception are a set of principles that govern the way humans tend to perceive visual stimuli as a collective whole, rather than discrete individual objects or events. Different names are given to the specific applications of this overarching principle. For example, the phi phenomenon refers to the tendency to perceive a series of lights blinking on and off down a line as a single light moving along, instead of a number of lights turning on and off for no apparent reason. The law of prägnanz (not the prägnanz effect that was listed as an answer choice) is the Gestalt law that suggests that people perceive visual stimuli in terms of the simplest explanation or form possible. Opponent-process theory is a concept of visual perception that explains why some colors seem to be incompatible (e.g. we might see a yellowish green, but we cannot really imagine a reddish green).

Our brains use the differences in the location of an object on our retinas in order to judge their relative distance from one another. This requires two eyes, and thus is binocular. The other cues listed require only one eye (monocular).

Kohlberg's three levels of moral thinking include preconventional, conventional, and postconventional.

From birth to about nine years of age, a child is believed to experience what Kohlberg called the preconventional phase. At this time the focus is self-interest; the child will follow rules just to avoid punishment and achieve a concrete reward.

The other two options, “preoperational” and “concrete operational” are incorrect because they are stages from Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

Pyrophobia and arachnophobia are each fears of a specific stimulus. Pyrophobia (from the Greek "piras") is the fear of fire, while arachnophobia (from the Greek "arachni") is the fear of spiders. Because they are fears of a specific stimulus, they are specific phobias as opposed to social phobias.