Innate behavior is known as inflexible behavior, in which learning plays no role in the behavior. Communicating, courtship, and decision making all rely on learned behavior from the environment.

Innate behavior is known as inflexible behavior, in which learning plays no role in the behavior. Communicating, courtship, and decision making all rely on learned behavior from the environment.

Heterozygote advantage occurs when heterozygotes at a particular locus, such as pigmentation, have greater fitness than do both kinds of homozygotes. If the heterozygote favors an intermediate phenotype, such as beige mice, it is also stabilizing selection. Frequency-dependent selection occurs when the fitness of a phenotype depends on how common it is in the population. Together, heterozygote advantage and frequency-dependent selection lead to a balancing system. The founder effect occurs when a few individuals of a population become isolated and form a new population whose gene pool differs from the original population. Directional selection occurs when conditions favor individuals at one extreme of a phenotypic range, thereby shifting a population’s frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction or another.

Charles Darwin studied finches in the Galapagos, which prompted his work on natural selection. This was observed as only the finches who were evolutionarily prepared reproduced, thus increasing their traits in the gene pool

Heterozygote advantage occurs when heterozygotes at a particular locus, such as pigmentation, have greater fitness than do both kinds of homozygotes. If the heterozygote favors an intermediate phenotype, such as beige mice, it is also stabilizing selection. Frequency-dependent selection occurs when the fitness of a phenotype depends on how common it is in the population. Together, heterozygote advantage and frequency-dependent selection lead to a balancing system. The founder effect occurs when a few individuals of a population become isolated and form a new population whose gene pool differs from the original population. Directional selection occurs when conditions favor individuals at one extreme of a phenotypic range, thereby shifting a population’s frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction or another.

Charles Darwin studied finches in the Galapagos, which prompted his work on natural selection. This was observed as only the finches who were evolutionarily prepared reproduced, thus increasing their traits in the gene pool

Natural selection is defined as survival and reproduction based on a specific phenotype. Phenotypes that increase reproductive fitness are “selected for” on different levels. Natural selection can take place on different levels of biological organization including gene, individual, and group levels.

Frequency-dependent selection is a type of natural selection in which the fitness of a phenotype depends on frequency. This includes positive frequency-dependent selection—fitness of a phenotype increases when it is common—and negative frequency-dependent selection—fitness of a phenotype decreases when it is common.

With regard to evolution and natural selection, fitness refers only to the ability of an organism to contribute to the next generation of its species. In other words, if an organism has a large number of viable offspring, its fitness is high, regardless of other factors like strength, size, and longevity.

Of these answer choices, the only organism with an above-average number of healthy, surviving offspring is the prairie dog. The mule and the dog have below-average fitness because they cannot give birth. The turtle also has below-average fitness because it produces an unusually low number of healthy offspring. The human male has average to below-average fitness; certain traits made him choose not to produce offspring, though he may have been able to produce numerous offspring.

With regard to evolution and natural selection, fitness refers only to the ability of an organism to contribute to the next generation of its species. In other words, if an organism has a large number of viable offspring, its fitness is high, regardless of other factors like strength, size, and longevity.

Of these answer choices, the only organism with an above-average number of healthy, surviving offspring is the prairie dog. The mule and the dog have below-average fitness because they cannot give birth. The turtle also has below-average fitness because it produces an unusually low number of healthy offspring. The human male has average to below-average fitness; certain traits made him choose not to produce offspring, though he may have been able to produce numerous offspring.