Mary Wollstonecraft wrote A Vindication of Rights of Woman in 1792 at the height of the Enlightenment period. In this text, she argues that women are not naturally inferior to men, as was generally thought by people at the time, but rather appear that way because they are poorly educated and taught to be subservient.

As a result of the Industrial Revolution, European societies in particular shifted toward capitalism and away from agricultural/rural economies.

Socialism developed as a reaction to industrialization, so the answer choice "The transition from capitalist to socialist economies" is incorrect.

The answer choice "The transition from engine-powered to wind-powered naval vessels" is incorrect because the transition went in the opposite direction.

Finally, the answer choice "A decline of women in the workforce" is incorrect because the Industrial Revolution actually led to an increase of women in the workforce, who were often employed as factory workers.

Karl Marx, along with Frederick Engels, wrote The Communist Manifesto, which was published in 1848. For many centuries, some communities had experimented with communal living, but it was not until Marx and Engels published their seminal work that communism and socialism had distinct definition. Karl Marx called the middle class the bourgeoisie and the working class the proletariat.

The steamboat was invented by Robert Fulton at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Fulton's steamboat was fashioned using the steam engine, which had recently been invented by James Watt. Eli Whitney is the man who invented the cotton gin and in so doing revolutionized the economy of the Antebellum South. His invention encouraged the use of slave labor and had lasting ramifications for the social, economic, and political makeup of the United States. William Gladstone and Benjamin Disraeli were rival politicians in Britain during the Industrial Revolution who each served as Prime Minister.

The Industrial Revolution occurred from about 1770 to 1850 (depending on which historian you ask). The Industrial Revolution is so named for the changes to industry that occurred during that time, most notably the change from handmade production to machinery-based production. The Industrial Revolution began in England in the later decades of the eighteenth century and rapidly spread to Europe, the United States, and around the world. 

George Stephenson built the world’s first inter-city railway line. The steam locomotive line was built between two major cities of industrial power in early Victorian-era England, Manchester and Liverpool. Robert Fulton is the person credited with inventing the steamboat; James Watt is credited with the invention of the steam engine, and Robert Peel and William Pitt were Prime Ministers of England.

The Clovis culture was a group of Native Americans who most likely lived 8,000 to 10,000 years ago. The culture is known for their distinctive stone arrow points, which feature a flaked construction to form a sharp point. The Clovis culture gets its name from the city in New Mexico nearest to the location where the first representative spear points were found in 1926.

The Egyptian pyramids were built many centuries before the Mayan pyramids, but the Mayans developed pyramids independently. For both people, their pyramids had great religious and cultural significance, and both served specific functions. The Egyptian pyramids served as Pharoahs' tombs and were smooth faced. The stepped Mayan pyramids served ceremonial and governmental functions that required priests and kings to climb them.

Both of these inventions come from China. They are significant because the magnetic compass facilitated marine exploration and trade while gunpowder led to advancements in weapons technology.

Throughout most of recorded human history, the population of the world could be counted in the tens or hundreds of millions. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the Industrial Revolution and increased agricultural output had pushed the total population to around 1.5 billion. The population now is around 7 billion. This means that the planet grew by roughly four and a half billion people in the hundred years that make up the twentieth century. The primary impetus for this massive growth was the Green Revolution, which occurred in the 1950s and 1960s. Increased use of pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers, and so on greatly impacted the global food supply. The impact was felt most notably in developing nations. In addition to providing the means for massive population growth, the Green Revolution is also credited with saving perhaps as many as one to two billion people from starvation.