The Hundred Years War (1337-1453) was fought between French and English Kings for French possession of previously English held territories in the south of France, namely Aquitaine. Joan of Arc fought in the last phase of the war (1429-1453) and her efforts at the siege of Orleans sparked the French's revived efforts against the English. Although Joan was captured and burned at the stake in 1431, the French ultimately emerged victorious, reincorporating Aquitaine back into their empire.

The Frankish Carolingian Dynasty established its empire across much of Europe, but its reign did not last long. Internal conflicts, as well as external threats, caused the empire to decline rapidly. The other answers are incorrect because they either refer to famous names/dynasties from the Middle Ages (Tudor, Merovingian) or to other greater empires from the period (Byzantine, Ottoman)

The Hundred Years' War was more a procession of separate conflicts fought between 1337 and 1453 between England and France. Most of the conflicts stemmed from the English crown's possessions in France. England wanted to maintain and expand these possessions; France sought to take them back for itself. Eventually, France won out, and England lost all of its French territory.

Starting in the 11th century, many Western kings consolidated their power into more modern states. These included France, England, and Spain, as well as others. The other answers are incorrect because they are not events that occurred in the European Middle Ages.

The Black Death peaked in Europe between 1346-1353 but had lasting effects on European society for centuries thereafter. It killed between an estimated 75-200 million people, at least 1/3 of the entire European population at the time. The plague is believed to have originated from Central Asia and carried to Europe through rats on trade ships to the east. It led to extreme social and political upheaval throughout all of Europe as well as renewed religious piety and persecutions.

While all of the answers are points in the European Middle Ages, the general period began when the Western Roman Empire finally declined. This made way for many new peoples to migrate into the empire's former territory, and for new ways of life to develop.

The Articles of Confederation convened the first government of the future United States, so it would not be the best answer. The Constitution convened the current government of the United States, so that would also not be a good answer to the question. The Upanishads are a religious text from Hinduism, so that would not be a good choice here. Last, the Magna Carta was created in the 13th century and established a constitutional monarchy in England, so that would be the best choice.

Signed by King John in 1215, the Magna Carta came on the heels of tension between the king and his barons. The document was meant to relieve the tension; however, King John did not abide by his word, leading to rebellion. Eventually, English kings started signing versions of the Magna Carta whenever they ascended to the throne as a gesture of goodwill towards the nobility.

The Hundred Years' War was primarily fought in what would later be known as France, although some battles were waged in the Netherlands, Spain, and England. The Norman invasion of England had resulted in generations of land claims between England and northern France. England and France would fight historic battles, including Crecy, Agincourt, and Poitiers, over control of French territory. Truces resulted in England eventually losing ownership of lands in France, while the French countryside was devastated by mercenaries, economic hardship, disease, and starvation.

Joan of Arc was born a peasant in France during Hundred Years' War. As a teenager, she claimed to have received visions of angels and saints, who told her to support the deposed French king Charles VII. Charles sent her to help relieve the Siege of Orleans in 1429, and, when the siege ended less than two weeks later, Joan became a hero. She would play a role in the conflict until her capture in subsequent execution in 1431.