Messenger RNA, or mRNA, is the RNA strand that is transcribed from the gene found on DNA. It is responsible for being read by a ribosome in order to create a protein.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) forms a structural component of the ribosomes. Transfer RNA (tRNA) carries amino acid residues and provides an anticodon to add the amino acids to the growing protein at the ribosome. Small nuclear RNA (snRNA) are found in the nucleus and help regulate transcription and maintain telomere length.

Replication of DNA is both continuous and discontinuous, each form of replication occurring simultaneously. Continuous DNA synthesis occurs from the 3’ end to the 5’ end of the parent strand. This is often referred to as the leading strand with new nucleotides being added to the 3’ end. Discontinuous DNA synthesis occurs from the 5’ end to the 3’ end of the parent strand. This strand is often referred to as the lagging strand. It is completed in short sequences of nucleotides called Okazaki fragments. Replication on the lagging strand begins with the addition of an RNA primer by the enzyme primase. Primase adds the RNA primers ahead of the 5’ end of the lagging. This allows DNA polymerase III to add the Okazaki fragments to fill in the space between primers. This process repeats itself until the entire strand has been replicated. DNA polymerase I then comes to exchange the RNA primer with DNA nucleotides, then DNA ligase reinforces the bonding between the fragments and the DNA nucleotides that replaced the RNA primer. Once both the leading and lagging stranded have completed replication, the result is two identical strands of the original DNA molecule.

DNA replication involves the separation of the two original DNA strands. Both of these strands are then replicated using DNA polymerase. This results in two DNA double helices, each with a new strand and an original strand.

Consider this example, in which the parent strands are represented by "P" and the daughter strands are represented by "D."

Before replication there are two parent strands: PP

The parent strands are split: P P

Daughter strands are made for each parent strand: PDDP

The fully-replicated double strands separate: PD DP

Each final strand has one parent strand (old DNA) and one daughter strand (new DNA).

O=Original strand, N=New strand

Before any replications: OO

After one round of replication, both new double-helices contain one strand from the original double-helix and one newly synthesized strand.

1 replication: ON1, N1O

After the second replication, there are now four double-helix molecules. Two contain original strands in combination with new strands, and two contain only new strands.

2 replications: ON2, N2N1, N1N2, N2O

After the thrid replication event there will be eight total molecules. Of these, six will contain only new strands and two will contain a combination of original and new strands.

3 replications: ON3, N3N2, N2N3, N3N1, N1N3, N3N2, N2N3, N3O

There must always be two double-helices that contain original strands, as there are always only two original strands and they do not disappear.

The enzyme primase adds sequences of RNA to the DNA strand to begin replication. Primase is a type of RNA polymerase, and thus, it does not need a free 3' hydroxyl group as a substrate. The nucleotides it lays down act as a substrate for DNA polymerase. Okazaki fragments from the lagging strand are joined by ligase, and helicase is responsible for unzipping the DNA to prepare for replication.

RNA primer is the correct answer. A protein called RNA primase reads the existing DNA strand and adds a short sequence of RNA nucleotides. DNA polymerase then builds onto the 3' end of the RNA primer. After replication, the RNA primer is removed and replaced with DNA nucleotides.

DNA polymerase I is the only polymerase that has 5' 3' exonuclease activity. This means that it can remove nucleotides in the 5' 3' direction. It also has 3' 5' exonuclease activity, as does DNA polymerase III; this is like a "backspace" for nucleotides that have just been added and need to be removed. DNA polymerase II's functions are largely unknown, DNA polymerase V plays a complex role in DNA repair, not replication.

The correct name of the fragments is Okazaki fragments. The lagging strand aligns in the 5'-to-3' direction (away from the replication fork), but must be read in the 3'-to-5' direction (toward the replication fork) by DNA ploymerase. The result is non-continuous synthesis of the strand in small fragments, called Okazaki fragments. DNA ligase fuses these fragments together later in the replication process.

DNA synthesis always occurs in the 5' to 3' direction, so one new strand is synthesized continuously towards the replication fork, producing the leading strand. The other strand, known as the lagging strand, forms away from the replication fork in small fragments.

DNA replication occurs both continuously and discontinuously at the same time. Nucleotides can only be added to a new strand of DNA on the 3' end, so the process has to start with the 5' end. As DNA continues to be split apart, the leading strand (growing in the direction towards the replication fork) can continuously add new nucleotides. However, for the lagging strand, the 5' to 3' direction is away from the replication fork, so new nucleotides are added in small chunks called Okazaki fragments as the DNA strand continues to separate.

The enzyme helicase opens the double helix of DNA at points called replication forks.

The unwinding of the double helix of DNA is caused by an enzyme called helicase, which breaks the hydrogen bonds holding the complementary base pairs together, creating two template strands of DNA ready to begin the next step of replication. The place where this enzyme 'unzips' the DNA is called the replication fork.