Nociceptors are sensory neurons that are activated by agitating or painful stimuli. Nociceptors respond to mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli to help protect the body from harmful interception.

"Wernicke's aphasia" is a receptive aphasia that results in problems with language comprehension. People with Wernicke's aphasia speak rapidly and do not make sense. They often do not have insight into their language difficulties. On the other hand, "Broca's aphasia" is an expressive aphasia that results in difficulty generating language. A person with Broca's aphasia produces slow speech with incorrect grammar, making it difficult to understand. “Global aphasia” includes symptoms of both Wernicke's and Broca's aphasias. A person with “conduction aphasia” has difficulties with verbal repetition. Last, “agnosia” involves problems processing sensory information.