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What is the name of the famous psychology experiment, conducted by John B. Watson, that showed how emotional reactions could be classically conditioned in people?
"Little Albert" or "Albert B" was the name of a 9-month old child used in this experiment. Watson and a graduate student named Rosalie Raynor exposed Little Albert to a series of stimuli and documented his reactions.
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What method did Pavlov employ in his experiment with laboratory dogs?
Classical conditioning is described as a reflexive type of learning in which a stimulus is able to elicit a response that was originally elicited by another stimulus. In Pavlov's experiment, he initially presented laboratory dogs with meat powder (stimulus 1), which caused the dogs to salivate (response). Then, he began to present the meat powder while ringing a bell (stimulus 2), again causing the dogs to salivate. After presenting the meat powder and bell together several times, he then presented the bell alone. Though no meat powder was available, the dogs still salivated. They had learned to respond the same way to both individual stimuli.
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Ivan Pavolov demonstrated what type of learning when he trained a dog to salivate on cue by ringing a bell?
When Ivan Pavlov trained a dog to salivate and expect food whenever it heard a bell, he demonstrated the existence of classical conditioning. This process uses an initially neutral stimulus (a bell ringing) paired with an innate or biological stimulus (food) to elicit an innate response (salivation). Eventually, the biological stimulus can be removed and the neutral conditioned stimulus will result in the same response, despite the absence of the biological stimulus.
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During which stage of classical conditioning is the conditioned stimulus presented alone, without the unconditioned stimulus?
Extinction happens when you present the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus, thus unpairing the two stimuli. The conditioned response will happen less frequently following the extinction phase.
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Who is famous for conducting classical conditioning experiments with dogs?
Ivan Pavlov conducted experiments on dogs, in which he used classical conditioning principles to spur the dogs to salivate whenever a bell was rung. Specifically, the dogs learned to associate the ringing of the bell (the conditioned stimulus) with the presentation of food (the unconditioned stimulus).
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What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?
"Classical conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with a non-neutral one until there is a nonneutral reaction to the neutral stimulus, whereas operant conditioning occurs when a creature's actions are influenced by the consequences of their actions" is the only answer choice that correctly lists the definitions of the two types of conditioning.
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Which of the following is an example of extinction in classical conditioning?
Extinction is the eventual cessation of a learned response (salivating) after the conditioned response (the bell) and unconditioned (the food) are no longer presented together to the subject (the dog).
"A dog begins salivating to the sound of a bell after the bell and food have not been presented together for a significant period of time" is the opposite of the classical conditioning concept of extinction, and goes against the rules of classical conditioning.
"A dog starts salivating to the sound of a bell because the bell and food are presented together" refers to acquisition, the learning of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus pairing.
"A dog salivates to the presentation of a red napkin because the red napkin was often presented with a bell, which was originally often presented with food" describes second-order conditioning, in which a conditioned stimulus from a previous round of conditioning becomes the unconditioned stimulus in a new round.
"A dog salivates to the sound of a whistle because the bell and food were presented together many times, and a whistle is similar to a bell" refers to the concept of generalization, when the conditioned response is observed even when the conditioned stimulus is slightly different from the original one.
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If someone is classically conditioned to be afraid of violins and they are afraid when they see a cello. Of what concept is this an example?
Generalization occurs when the conditioned response (fear) occurs even when the conditioned stimulus (cello) is slightly different from the original CS (violin).
Discrimination is the ability to differentiate between similar stimuli.
Extinction is the cessation of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented.
Spontaneous recovery is the comeback of a conditioned response after extinction when the unconditioned stimulus is presented again.
Acquisition is the learning period of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus are being presented together.
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During the last 5 minutes of her difficult psychology 101 exams, a teacher always plays a specific song to her nervous students. Ten years later, one of those students hears the song on the radio and immediately feels nervous. In this scenario, what is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), the unconditioned response (UR), the conditioned stimulus (CS), and the conditioned response (CR)?
The unconditioned stimulus is the test and the unconditioned response is nervousness during the test. The test naturally and automatically elicits nervousness, making the test a stimulus and nervousness a response.
The conditioned stimulus is the song and the conditioned response is nervousness when hearing the song. The pairing of the test and song together had to be learned/conditioned for the song to elicit that reaction.
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In Ivan Pavlov's dog salivation response, which of the following events is the conditioned response?
In Pavlov's dog experiment, there were 5 elements:
Unconditioned Stimulus- The food that triggered the dog's drooling.
Unconditioned Response- The drooling due to the presence of food.
Neutral stimulus- a stimulus that initially does not produce the drooling
Conditioned Stimulus- The ringing of the bellby the dog's owner.
Conditioned Response- The drooling due to the sound of the bell.
The most correct answer is: The dog drools due to the sound of the bell.
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Food in a dog's mouth will automatically stimulate salivation. In terms of Pavlov's experiments, this salivation stimulation is a(n) ___________.
Given that this question focuses on the effects on the dog, salivation may be considered a response. Because salivation is said to occur whenever food is present, this would be an unconditioned response because no learning was required in the process. Conversely, the food in this instance would be an unconditioned stimulus.
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Food in a dog's mouth will automatically stimulate salivation. In terms of Pavlov's experiments, the food in this scenario represents __________.
Because the problem specifies that the dog salivates every time it sees the food, this would mean that no learning was part of the response, making salivation an unconditioned response. Because the food is causing the response, it is a stimulus. Furthermore, because the response is unconditioned, the stimulus is unconditional as well.
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At the beginning of his experiment, Pavlov cued various tones prior to introducing food to the dogs. The first time they were played, the dogs did not salivate. What were these tones?
Because the question does not ask about the effects on the dog, we can deduce that the tones were stimuli. Given that these stimuli elicited no response from the dogs, they can be initially labeled as neutral stimuli because there is no learned association with food at this time.
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Pavlov's dogs salivated at the sound of a tone. What was this tone?
In Pavlov's experiment, he coupled what was once a neutral stimulus with an association (food) for the dogs. This neutral stimulus became associated with food through a learned process, thus becoming a conditioned stimulus for what was once an unconditioned response.
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Pavlov's dogs salivated at the sound of a tone. What would the salivation be considered?
Given that the problem is referring to the effect on the dog, salivation can be labeled as a response. Because it is a tone that's creating the salivation and not the food itself, it observes an association that was learned. Therefore, the dog was conditioned to expect food upon hearing the bell. Salivation, in this situation, is a conditioned response.
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During the summer, Max would feel hungry at the odor of food. Going back to school, the bell for lunch would ring promptly at 11:55am, after which Max would sense the smell of lunch from the cafeteria. By the end of the semester, Max would feel hungry as soon as he heard the bell before he could smell what was coming out of the cafeteria. In accordance to Pavlov's experiment, what is the lunch bell?
It was the odor of the food that made Max hungry. Much like Pavlov's dogs, where the sight of food was enough to always make them salivate. This parallels Pavlov's work in that the smell of food is the unconditioned stimulus, and therefore the hunger the unconditioned response. In this case, the school bell acts synonymously to Pavlov's tones in that it was learned to be associated with food. Max learns to associate the lunch bell with the smell of food, which in turn makes him hungry. Therefore it is the conditioned stimulus.
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During the summer, Max would feel hungry if he sensed the odor of food. Going back to school, the bell for lunch would ring promptly at 11:55am, after which he would sense the smell of lunch from the cafeteria. By the end of the semester, Max would feel hungry as soon as he heard the bell before he could smell what was coming out of the cafeteria. In accordance to Pavlov's experiment, what is the term for the odor of food during summer?
Because the smell of food is eliciting Max's hunger, it is a stimulus. Given that the stimulus is being experienced prior to his conditioning at school, the smell of the food during summer acts as the unconditioned stimulus.
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During the summer, Max would feel hungry in response to the odor of food. Going back to school, the bell for lunch would ring promptly at 11:55am, after which he would sense smell of lunch from the cafeteria. By the end of the semester, Max would feel hungry as soon as he heard the bell, and before he could smell what was coming out of the cafeteria. In accordance to Pavlov's experiment, if the bell were to be replaced by an announcement from the principle, what would this announcement initially act as?
The announcement would ideally initially act as a neutral stimulus because Max has learned to associate the smell of food with the ringing of the lunch bell. Given that the announcement does not sound anything like the lunch bell, Max will not experience that association and therefore not feel that immediate hunger.
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Which of the following types of conditioning is most effective?
Three types of conditioning that are good to know are delayed conditioning, trace conditioning, and simultaneous conditioning. Delayed conditioning is presenting the US while the CS is still active, trace conditioning is presenting the CS then a short break and then presenting the US, and simultaneous conditioning is presenting the CS and the US at the same time. Delayed conditioning is considered to be the most effective (acquisition occurs the fastest) because of its timing; trace conditioning allows for too much time between the US and the CS for the pairing to be strong, while simultaneous conditioning is too much stimulation at the same time for the pairing to be ingrained.
Concurrent conditioning and break conditioning do not actually exist-- they were distracting answers.
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A dog is trained to salivate at the sound of a bell by pairing the sound of a bell with the presentation of steak. Eventually the experimenters ring the bell ten times without presenting steak so the dog stops salivating at the bell. Which principle of conditioning does this scenario exemplify?
Extinction is when the conditioned response (salivating at the sound of a bell) stops because the conditioned stimulus (bell) is no longer presented together with the unconditioned stimulus (steak).
As for the other answers, acquisition is the learning of a conditioned response and is the period when the US and CS are presented together. Generalization is when the conditioned response occurs with a similar but slightly different conditioned stimulus. Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of the conditioned response after extinction when the US and CS are paired together again. Discrimination is the opposite of generalization (distinguishing between a CS different from the original CS).
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