AP European History › Treaties; Diplomacy; International Organizations
Which of these religious groups was notably excluded from the Peace of Augsburg?
Calvinists
Lutherans
Catholics
All of the groups listed in the other answer choices were excluded.
All of the groups listed in the other answer choices were included.
The Peace of Augsburg was signed in 1555. It ended the protracted Civil War that had been raging in the German Prince-led states of the Holy Roman Empire between the Lutherans and the Catholics. The Peace of Augsburg may be understood as an early extension of religious tolerance in Europe based on pragmatism; however, the extension of its tolerance had very strict limits. Firstly, the population of each princely state had little say in the religion its members could practice; that was decided by the ruler, and the rest of the population was then required to follow him. Secondly, all other Protestant denominations were excluded from the Peace of Augsburg—it only extended to Lutherans and Catholics. Calvinists continued to be persecuted by both groups.
Which of the following is true about Italy during the Renaissance?
Italy was a conglomeration of various city-states, lacking overall political unity.
All of Italy was ruled by the Holy Roman Empire.
Over the course of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Italy was extremely peaceful.
The pope lost all political authority during the sixteenth century.
Italian city-states transitioned into elected republican governments.
During the Renaissance, Italy consisted of five main city-states: Venice, Milan, Florence, the Papal States, and the Kingdom of Naples, each with its own system of government. There were struggles for power among these various political entities, and their internal and external struggles made Italy vulnerable to invasion. Continental powers (notably the French and Austrians under Charles V) fought for territorial control in Italy in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
After the final Defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo, what meeting took place to decide the future of Europe?
Congress of Vienna
Congress of Osnabrück
Congress of Berlin
Congress of Geneva
After the Napoleonic Wars were over an Austrian politician, Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, hosted a meeting of the major powers of Europe to decide how the redraw the map of Europe so as to avoid further wars like the Napoleonic Wars, which had brought Europe to the point of exhaustion.
Which of these can best be understood as a precursor to the formation of the European Union?
The European Coal and Steel Community
The Congress of Vienna
The Treaty of Versailles
The European Atomic Energy Community
The Unification of Germany
After World War Two, the governments of France and West Germany wanted to integrate their economies so heavily that a future war would not only be impractical, but an economic impossibility. To this end, they integrated their coal and steel production communities under one umbrella organization. The original treaty was signed in 1951 by six countries: West Germany, France, Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. It can be understood as the first step in the transnationalism that later led to the creation of the European Union.
During the Peace of Utrecht, the British were granted “Asiento,” which __________.
gave them a near monopoly on the sale of slaves to Spanish colonies in the New World
gave them almost complete control over the Mediterranean and North seas
allowed them to participate in the election of Holy Roman Emperors by granting them a standing vote in perpetuity
granted them exclusive control over the fur trade with Native Americans in French Canada
granted them exclusive control over foreign access to ports in the United Provinces
The term “Asiento” is a Spanish term that in British history is used to refer to an arrangement made in the 1713 Peace of Utrecht that Britain was to be given a forty-year contract to provide slaves to the Spanish colonies of the New World. The “Asiento” was an extremely lucrative contract because it gave the British a near monopoly on the valuable sale of goods and slaves to Spanish colonists.
What was the significance of the Union of Lublin?
It merged Poland and Lithuania
It unified Germany into one nation
It merged the two Hapsburg kingdoms into one
It brought the Ukraine into Russia
The union of Lublin unified the two nations of Poland and Lithuania into one nation under the Jageillonian Dynasty
What is the signifigance of the Union of Kreva (1386)?
It joined the royal families of Poland and Lithuania
A Hapsburg prince married a Bourbon princess
It reorganized the Holy Roman Empire
It joined together many small Germanic Principalities
The Union of Kreva saw the marriage of the Grand Duke of Lithuania to the daughter of the recently passed Polish king. Jadwiga had no brothers so she was crowned King of Poland, set to rule until she married. Her mother then arranged a marriage with the leader of Lithuania, the Grand Duke Jogalia, thus joining the royal lines of Poland and Lithuania.
The League of Nations __________.
came out of the peace after World War I
succeeded because of American support
helped centralize and stabilize the Weimar Republic
prevented the Russian Revolution
was created by Bismarck after the Berlin Conference
The Berlin Conference and Russian Revolution both took place before the League of Nations was created. It didn't prevent the collapse of the Weimar Republic and many historians think that the lack of American support weakened the League. However, the League did emerge out of the peace following World War I.
The Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 was designed to ensure that __________.
the Hapsburg imperial possessions could be inherited by a woman
the French would not become a hegemonic power in Europe
the Italian city states would remain divided and in constant economic competition with one another
the Dutch Provinces would be unable to rebel due to external pressure from the major European powers
the British would not gain territory on the European continental mainland
The Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 was issued by the Hapsburg ruler Charles VI to ensure that in the event of there being no legitimate male heir, his throne and the various inheritances of the Hapsburgs would pass to his eldest daughter Maria Theresa. Prior to the Pragmatic Sanction, ancient German law prevented a daughter from inheriting lands and titles from her father. Charles VI did indeed die without leaving a legitimate male hair and Maria Theresa did succeed him as ruler of Austria and the diverse Hapsburg lands, but her accession nonetheless resulted in the outbreak of conflict in 1740 with the War of Austrian Succession.
Which of these groups was NOT granted favorable terms in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648?
All of these groups were granted favorable terms in the Peace of Westphalia.
Calvinists
The Kingdom of France
Switzerland
The Kingdom of Sweden
The Peace of Westphalia (1648) is one of the most important treaties in European history. It brought to an end the brutal fighting of the Thirty Years’ War that had devastated the population of German-speaking central Europe and pitted all the major continental powers of Europe against one another. It included formal religious tolerance for all three major branches of Protestantism, including Calvinism for the first time. It provided territorial gains for the Kingdoms of France and Sweden, who both emerged as dominant European powers during this time period. Finally, it provided de jure independence for the territory of Switzerland that had previously only enjoyed de facto independence.