Social Movements and Equal Protection Practice Test

Rational basis; race-based policies are reviewed deferentially if they promote economic growth, so most affirmative action programs are upheld.

Intermediate scrutiny; race classifications are treated like sex classifications, requiring an important interest and a substantially related means.

Strict scrutiny; racial classifications by government must be narrowly tailored to achieve a compelling governmental interest, even when intended to help minorities.

No scrutiny applies; Equal Protection only limits states, not Congress, because the Fourteenth Amendment does not bind the federal government.

All discrimination triggers strict scrutiny; any unequal treatment, including age and disability, must meet a compelling interest test.