Conditions and Treatments
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NCLEX-PN › Conditions and Treatments
The majority of hepatic infections are with which of the following type of microbe?
Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Prions
Explanation
The majority of liver infections are viral in nature. Hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C are the most frequent agents of infection, with hepatitis C being the leading cause of liver transplants. Bacterial infections in the liver most commonly take the form of an abscess. Fungal hepatitis and prion infection of the liver are not generally seen.
Eye lubricants are used for all but the following:
To achieve miosis during eye surgery
To replace tears or add moisture to eyes
To protect the eyes during surgery or diagnostic procedures
To moisten contact lenses or artificial eyes
Explanation
Eye lubricants are not used to achieve miosis during eye surgery. Eye lubricants are frequently used to treat dry eyes in cases where tears need to be replaced, to moisten contact lenses, or to protect eyes during surgery.
Secondary hyperparathyroidism is the result of chronically diminished levels of serum calcium. Depressed levels of serum calcium leads to a compensatory increase in the activity of the parathyroid glands.
What is the most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism?
Renal failure
Bone cancers
Pituitary tumor
Poor nutrition
Explanation
Renal failure is by far the most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism**.** If kidneys are unable to convert vitamin D to its active form, serum vitamin D levels will drop. Lower vitamin D levels reduce the absorption of calcium in the intestines and reduce the kidneys' ability to resorb calcium from the urine. In addition, if the kidneys are unable to adequately excrete phosphate, calcium phosphate forms, which further lowers free calcium levels in the blood. Poor nutrition is not a common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism, though low vitamin D levels due to malabsorption can be a contributing factor. Pituitary tumors can be seen with hyperparathyroidism when part of multiple endocrine neoplasia type I, but this is not as common as renal failure. Bone cancers are more often associated with elevated calcium levels, resulting in low or undetectable parathyroid hormone levels.
A three year old patient presents for a seizure that occurred at home. To her father's knowledge, she has never had a seizure in the past. She was not ill at the time of the seizure, and she is not on any type of medication. There was no head trauma before the incident. Her father states that her older brother was diagnosed with epilepsy at age seven, and that his grandmother was also epileptic. Is it safe to assume that this child is also epileptic?
No, a diagnosis of epilepsy requires two or more seizures without a clear provocation.
Yes, she has a positive family history for epilepsy, and has had a seizure with no clear provocation.
No, epilepsy is not hereditary, and must present with a history of at least two seizure episodes before diagnosis.
Yes, epilepsy is defined as seizures in the absence of fever, head trauma, or medication.
Explanation
While epilepsy may certainly be hereditary, the diagnosis of epilepsy requires the occurrence of at least two seizures during two separate incidents, regardless of positive family history. These must occur in the absence of provocative factors such as fever, head trauma, or medication.
Which of the following is a possible cause of vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy?
All of these are correct
Spontaneous abortion/miscarriage
Cervical ectropion
Trophoblastic disease
Explanation
All of these could be possible reasons for bleeding in early pregnancy, including physiologic or implantation bleeding. Bleeding may indicate threatened miscarriage or other serious condition, or it may simply be due to the implantation of the embryo into the endometrium.
The nurse completes a cervical exam on her laboring patient. She determines that her patient's cervix is 1cm in length. How would the nurse describe this length?
Explanation
The normal cervical canal is 2cm in length. Effacement is the thinning of the cervix as the body prepares for delivery. Thus, a 2cm cervix is 0% effaced and a 0cm cervix is 100% effaced.
Eye lubricants are used for all but the following:
To achieve miosis during eye surgery
To replace tears or add moisture to eyes
To protect the eyes during surgery or diagnostic procedures
To moisten contact lenses or artificial eyes
Explanation
Eye lubricants are not used to achieve miosis during eye surgery. Eye lubricants are frequently used to treat dry eyes in cases where tears need to be replaced, to moisten contact lenses, or to protect eyes during surgery.
Actinic keratosis occasionally develops into which skin cancer?
Squamous cell carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma
Melanoma
Merkel cell carcinoma
Explanation
Actinic keratosis occasionally develops into squamous cell carcinoma and is generally removed prophylactically. Actinic keratosis is not associated with development of any of the other skin cancer types listed.
Eye lubricants are used for all but the following:
To achieve miosis during eye surgery
To replace tears or add moisture to eyes
To protect the eyes during surgery or diagnostic procedures
To moisten contact lenses or artificial eyes
Explanation
Eye lubricants are not used to achieve miosis during eye surgery. Eye lubricants are frequently used to treat dry eyes in cases where tears need to be replaced, to moisten contact lenses, or to protect eyes during surgery.
Alice is a 25-year-old female who is visiting her primary care physician for a routine physical. Which of the following may be conducted at the appointment?
A papanicolaou test
A rapid antigen detection test
A urine analysis
A cervical cerclage
A vaginal ultrasound
Explanation
A papanicolaou test (pap smear) may be preformed routinely on adult women as a screening for cervical cancer. A rapid antigen detection test (rapid strep test), urine analysis, cervical cerclage, or vaginal ultrasound would not be part of routine screening.